Crown ethers as additives for silicon-based Li-ion batteries

1. An energy storage device comprising:

a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode;

a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

an electrolyte composition; wherein

one or more of said first electrode and said second electrode comprises at least one additive, wherein said additive comprises a crown ether compound; and

wherein said crown ether compound comprises one or more of benzo-18-crown-6-ether (B18C6); 2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosane; 4′-Methylbenzo-18-crown-6; 4′-tert-Butylbenzo-18-crown-6; 4′-Aminobenzo-18-crown-6; 4-Vinylbenzo-18-crown-6; 20-Ethynyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(18),19,21-triene; 2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene-3,3-dicarbonitrile; 1-(2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(18),19,21-trien-20-yl)piperidine; 3-Ethenyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 2,5,8,11,14-Pentaoxa-17-azabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 3-Tert-Butyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]Docosa-1(22),18,20-Triene; 4-Methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]Docosa-1(22),18,20-Triene; 6-propyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 7-methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 3-Methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 3-(2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-trien-3-yl)-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; Dibenzo-18-crown-6; Di-tert butyl benzo 18-crown-6; 4,17-Dimethyl-2,3,11,12-dibenzo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadeca-2,11-diene; 2,4-Dibenzo-18-crown-6; Dicyclohexyl 18-crown-6; 2,3-Benzo-11,12-cyclohexano-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane; (1S,9R,14R,22S)-2,5,8,15,18,21-Hexaoxatricyclo[20.4.0.09,14]hexacosane; 4,4′ (5′)di-t-butyl-cyclohexano-18-crown-6; 13-crown-4; 14-crown-4; Dibenzo-15-crown-5; 2,3-Naphtho-15-crown-5; 3-Ethenyl-2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxabicyclo[13.4.0]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-triene; 16-crown-5; Benzo-16-crown-5; Dibenzo-16-crown-5; 17-crown-5; 20-crown-6; Benzo-21-crown-7; Dibenzo-21-crown-7; Di-(tert butyl benzo) -21-crown-7; Dicyclohexano-21-crown-7; 24-crown-8 ether; Benzo-24-crown-8 ether; benzyloxymethyl-24-crown-8; 4′-Vinylbenzo-24-crown-8 ether; Dibenzo-24-crown-8; dinaphtho-24-crown-8; Dicyclohexano-24-crown-8; 27-crown-9ether; Benzo-27-crown-9 ether; 4′-Vinylbenzo-27-crown-9 ether; 30-crown-10; Benzo-30-crown-10; 4′-Vinylbenzo-30-crown-10 ether; Dibenzo-30-crown-10; and bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10; and

wherein the second electrode is a Si-dominant electrode.

2. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode comprises a self-supporting composite material film.

3. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the Si-dominant electrode comprises:

greater than 0% and less than about 95% by weight of silicon particles, and

greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases,

wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase that holds the Si-dominant electrode together such that the silicon particles are distributed throughout the Si-dominant electrode.

4. A method of forming an energy storage device, the method comprising:

forming an energy storage device comprising a cathode, an electrolyte composition, and an anode;

wherein one or more of said anode and said cathode comprises at least one additive,

wherein said additive comprises a crown ether compound;

wherein one or both of said cathode and said anode is formed using, at least, the following steps:

said electrode material is mixed to create a slurry;

said additive is added to said slurry;

said slurry is coated on metal foil; and

the coated metal foil is dried; and

wherein said crown ether compound comprises one or more of benzo-18-crown-6-ether (B18C6); 2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosane; 4′-Methylbenzo-18-crown-6; 4′-tert-Butylbenzo-18-crown-6; 4′-Aminobenzo-18-crown-6; 4-Vinylbenzo-18-crown-6; 20-Ethynyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(18),19,21-triene; 2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene-3,3-dicarbonitrile; 1-(2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(18),19,21-trien-20-yl)piperidine; 3-Ethenyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 2,5,8,11,14-Pentaoxa-17-azabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 3-Tert-Butyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]Docosa-1(22),18,20-Triene; 4-Methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]Docosa-1(22),18,20-Triene; 6-propyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 7-methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 3-Methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; 3-(2,5,8,11,14,17-Hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-trien-3-yl)-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxabicyclo[16.4.0]docosa-1(22),18,20-triene; Dibenzo-18-crown-6; Di-tert butyl benzo 18-crown-6; 4,17-Dimethyl-2,3,11,12-dibenzo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadeca-2,11-diene; 2,4-Dibenzo-18-crown-6; Dicyclohexyl 18-crown-6; 2,3-Benzo-11,12-cyclohexano-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane; (1S,9R,14R,22S)-2,5,8,15,18,21-Hexaoxatricyclo[20.4.0.09,14]hexacosane; 4,4′ (5′)di-t-butyl-cyclohexano-18-crown-6; Bcnzo 12 crown 4; Dibcnzo 12 crown 4; 13-crown-4; 14-crown-4; Dibenzo-15-crown-5; 2,3-Naphtho-15-crown-5; 3-Ethenyl-2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxabicyclo[13.4.0]nonadeca-1(19),15,17-triene; 16-crown-5; Benzo-16-crown-5; Dibenzo-16-crown-5; 17-crown-5; 20-crown-6; Benzo-21-crown-7; Dibenzo-21-crown-7; Di-(tert butyl benzo) -21-crown-7; Dicyclohexano-21-crown-7; 24-crown-8 ether; Benzo-24-crown-8 ether; benzyloxymethyl-24-crown-8; 4′-Vinylbenzo-24-crown-8 ether; Dibenzo-24-crown-8; dinaphtho-24-crown-8; Dicyclohexano-24-crown-8; 27-crown-9 ether; Benzo-27-crown-9 ether; 4′-Vinylbenzo-27-crown-9 ether; 30-crown-10; Benzo-30-crown-10; 4′-Vinylbenzo-30-crown-10 ether; Dibenzo-30-crown-10; and bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10; and

wherein the second electrode is a Si-dominant electrode.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the anode comprises a self-supporting composite material film.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the Si-dominant electrode comprises:

greater than 0% and less than about 95% by weight of silicon particles, and

greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases,

wherein at least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase that holds the Si-dominant electrode together such that the silicon particles are distributed throughout the Si-dominant electrode.