Aircraft battery systems having heat activated thermal barriers
A battery system includes a plurality of battery modules each formed from a plurality of battery cells. A shared cooling structure is thermally coupled to each of the battery modules. The shared cooling structure is configured to conduct heat relative to the battery modules. A thermal interface is disposed between the battery cells of each battery module and the shared cooling structure. Each thermal interface is configured to transition from a first thermal conductivity state to a second thermal conductivity state when heat generated by the respective battery cells exceeds a threshold level. The second thermal conductivity state is lower than the first thermal conductivity state such that after one of the thermal interfaces has transitioned from the first thermal conductivity state to the second thermal conductivity state, heat transfer from the respective battery cells to the shared cooling structure is reduced.
1. A battery system comprising:
a plurality of battery modules each including a plurality of battery cells having a bottom surface;
a shared cooling structure thermally coupled to each of the battery modules, the shared cooling structure configured to conduct heat relative to the battery modules; and
a plurality of thermal interfaces each disposed between one or more respective battery cells and the shared cooling structure, each thermal interface configured to transition from a first thickness having a first thermal conductivity state to a second thickness having a second thermal conductivity state responsive to heat generated by the one or more respective battery cells exceeding a threshold level, the second thickness greater than the first thickness;
wherein, each thermal interface moves the one or more respective battery cells away from the shared cooling structure in the second thermal conductivity state to create one or more air gaps between the bottom surface of the one or more respective battery cells and the shared cooling structure; and
wherein, the second thermal conductivity state is lower than the first thermal conductivity state such that after one of the thermal interfaces has transitioned from the first thermal conductivity state to the second thermal conductivity state, heat transfer from the one or more respective battery cells to the shared cooling structure is reduced.
2. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein the battery cells are lithium-based battery cells.
3. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein the battery cells are selected from the group consisting of lithium-ion battery cells, lithium-polymer battery cells and lithium-metal battery cells.
4. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein the shared cooling structure is a liquid cooled cooling plate.
5. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each of the thermal interfaces is disposed within a battery case of one of the battery modules.
6. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each of the thermal interfaces is part of a thermal interface layer disposed on an upper surface of the shared cooling structure.
7. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each of the thermal interfaces is at least partially embedded in an upper surface of the shared cooling structure.
8. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each of the thermal interfaces is a heat activated thermal barrier.
9. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each of the thermal interfaces further comprises an intumescent material.
10. The battery system as recited in claim 9 wherein the intumescent material is configured to expand responsive to heat exceeding the threshold level.
11. The battery system as recited in claim 10 wherein the intumescent material has an increased thermal resistance in the expanded state.
12. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each of the thermal interfaces further comprises a plurality of actuators configured to increase a distance between the one or more respective battery cells and the shared cooling structure responsive to heat generated by the one or more respective battery cells exceeding the threshold level.
13. The battery system as recited in claim 12 wherein each of the actuators is at least partially embedded in the shared cooling structure.
14. The battery system as recited in claim 12 wherein the actuators are selected from the group consisting of wax actuators, shape memory alloy actuators, pyrotechnic actuators and electric motors.
15. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each battery module includes a compressible member disposed between the battery cells and a top of a battery case, the compressible member configured to enable a distance between the battery cells and the shared cooling structure to increase responsive to the thermal interface transitioning from the first thickness to the second thickness.
16. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each battery module includes a battery case that contains the battery cells, the battery case having an expansion joint configured to enable a distance between the battery cells and the shared cooling structure to increase responsive to the thermal interface transitioning from the first thickness to the second thickness.
17. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each battery module includes a forced air cooling system that is configured to provide increased airflow around the battery cells responsive to heat generated by the battery cells.
18. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein the second thickness is five times or more thicker than the first thickness.
19. The battery system as recited in claim 1 wherein each battery module includes a compressible member disposed between the battery cells and a top of a battery case, the one or more respective battery cells subjected to simultaneous and opposing biasing forces including a downward biasing force from the compressible member and an upward biasing force from the thermal interface in the second thermal conductivity state, the downward biasing force of the compressible member proportional to the upward biasing force of the thermal interface in the second thermal conductivity state.
20. An aircraft comprising:
a rotor system having at least one electric motor;
a battery system configured to provide electrical power to the at least one electric motor, the battery system including:
a plurality of battery modules each including a plurality of battery cells having a bottom surface;
a shared cooling structure thermally coupled to each of the battery modules, the shared cooling structure configured to conduct heat relative to the battery modules; and
a plurality of thermal interfaces each disposed between one or more respective battery cells and the shared cooling structure, each thermal interface configured to transition from a first thickness having a first thermal conductivity state to a second thickness having a second thermal conductivity state responsive to heat generated by the one or more respective battery cells exceeding a threshold level, the second thickness greater than the first thickness;
wherein, each thermal interface moves the one or more respective battery cells away from the shared cooling structure in the second thermal conductivity state to create one or more air gaps between the bottom surface of the one or more respective battery cells and the shared cooling structure; and
wherein, the second thermal conductivity state is lower than the first thermal conductivity state such that after one of the thermal interfaces has transitioned from the first thermal conductivity state to the second thermal conductivity state, heat transfer from the one or more respective battery cells to the shared cooling structure is reduced.