Wide temperature range ultracapacitor
A solid state polymer electrolyte is disclosed for use in an ultracapacitor. The electrolyte includes an ionic liquid and a polymer and may include other additives, wherein an ultracapacitor that utilizes the solid state electrolyte is configured to output electrical energy at temperatures between about −40° C. and about 250° C. or more.
1. A solid state electrolyte for use in an ultracapacitor comprising:
a polymer matrix doped with an ionic liquid and two solvents-a first solvent and a second solvent; where the second solvent has a melting point lower than the first solvent; where the first solvent has a dielectric constant at 25° C. greater than about 2;
an additive; and
wherein an ultracapacitor that utilizes the electrolyte is configured to output electrical energy at temperatures throughout an operating temperature range.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the operating temperature range comprises 0 degrees Celsius to 275 degrees Celsius.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1 , where the solid state electrolyte is cast directly onto an electrode in the ultracapacitor.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1 , where the first solvent comprises acetonitrile, trimethylamine, propylene carbonate or gamma-butyrolactone.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1 , where the second solvent comprises methyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, propionitrile, butyronitrile or 1,3-dioxolane.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1 , where the second solvent may have a melting point that is lower than the boiling point of the first solvent by at least 10° C.
7. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid comprises a cation comprising at least one of: tetrabutylammonium, 1-(3-cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium, 1,3-bis(3-cyanopropyl)imidazolium, 1,3-diethoxyimidazolium, 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, 1-butylpyridinium, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-pentyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, 3-methyl-1-propylpyridinium, or a combination thereof.
8. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid comprises a cation comprising at least one of: ammonium, imidazolium, pyrazinium, piperidinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, and pyrrolidinium and combinations thereof.
9. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid comprises a anion comprising at least one of: bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide, tris(trifluoromethanesulfonate)methide, dicyanamide, tetrafluoroborate, tetra(cyano)borate, hexafluorophosphate, tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonate)imide, thiocyanate, trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)borate, and combinations thereof.
10. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises a porous inorganic oxide.
11. The electrolyte of claim 10 , wherein the porous inorganic oxide comprises at least one of silica, silicates, alumina, titania, magnesia, aluminosilicates, zeolites, titanates, or combinations thereof.
12. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises silica or silicates.
13. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises a mesoporous inorganic oxide.
14. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises a gelling agent that comprises a polycrystalline inorganic oxide.
15. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises a gelling agent that comprises a microcrystalline inorganic oxide.
16. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises a material with a specific surface area (SSA) above about 400 m 2 /g.
17. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the ultracapacitor that utilizes the electrolyte is configured to output electrical energy at operating voltages throughout an operating voltage range, the operating voltage range being between about 0 V and about 0.5 V.