Regenerable affinity sensors and associated methods
Affinity sensors may exhibit advantaged regeneration behavior when pH is changed in proximity to a sensing element. Such affinity sensors may comprise at least one sensing element comprising a recognition moiety that interacts with an analyte by reversibly forming an analyte complex, and a solid-state pH-modulating element in proximity to the at least one sensing element, wherein formation of the analyte complex is pH-dependent and the at least one sensing element provides a signal that changes when the analyte complex reversibly forms, and a change in magnitude of the signal is correlatable to an amount of analyte interacted with the at least one sensing element.
1. An affinity sensor comprising:
at least one sensing element comprising a recognition moiety that interacts with an analyte by reversibly forming an analyte complex;
wherein formation of the analyte complex is pH-dependent; and
wherein the at least one sensing element provides a signal that changes when the analyte complex reversibly forms, and a change in magnitude of the signal is correlatable to an amount of analyte interacted with the at least one sensing element; and
a working electrode and a counter electrode;
wherein the working electrode is in proximity to the at least one sensing element; and
wherein the working electrode has a material upon the working electrode that is operable to generate or consume protons when applying a potential or current thereto.
2. The affinity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the recognition moiety is a bio-based moiety or a biomimetic moiety.
3. The affinity sensor of claim 2 , wherein the recognition moiety comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a protein, a polypeptide, an aptamer, an affimer, a molecularly imprinted polymer, a glycopolymer, an oligonucleotide, and any combination thereof.
4. The affinity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the signal is detectable optically, electrochemically, thermally, gravimetrically, calorimetrically, or any combination thereof.
5. The affinity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the analyte and/or the recognition moiety undergoes protonation or deprotonation or a conformation change upon a pH change occurring in proximity to the at least one sensing element.
6. The affinity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode and the at least one sensing element are located upon an in-common substrate and wherein a separation between the working electrode and the at least one sensing element is 900 microns or less.
7. The affinity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the material comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a metal hydride, a metal oxide, and any combination thereof.
8. The affinity sensor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode comprises a Pd/PdH working electrode.
9. A method comprising:
providing an affinity sensor comprising:
at least one sensing element comprising a recognition moiety that interacts with an analyte by reversibly forming an analyte complex;
wherein formation of the analyte complex is pH-dependent; and
wherein the at least one sensing element provides a signal that changes when the analyte complex reversibly forms, and a change in magnitude of the signal is correlatable to an amount of analyte interacted with the at least one sensing element; and
a solid state pH modulating element in proximity to the at least one sensing element;
a working electrode and a counter electrode;
wherein the working electrode is in proximity to the at least one sensing element; and
wherein the working electrode has a material upon the working electrode that is operable to generate or consume protons when applying a potential or current thereto; and
interacting an analyte with the sensing element comprising a recognition moiety that reversibly forms an analyte complex in a pH-dependent manner, the sensing element changing from a first state to a second state upon interacting with the analyte to form the analyte complex;
wherein the sensing element provides a signal that changes when the analyte complex reversibly forms, and a change in magnitude of the signal between the first state and the second state is correlatable to an amount of analyte interacted with the sensing element; and
actuating the working electrode.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein actuating the working electrode comprises applying a potential or current between the working electrode and the counter electrode.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein actuating the working electrode changes pH at the sensing element and displaces the analyte from the analyte complex to convert the sensing element from the second state to the first state.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein actuating the working electrode changes pH at the sensing element to allow that analyte complex to form when interacting the analyte with the sensing element.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the material upon the working electrode is selected from the group consisting of a metal hydride, a metal oxide, polyaniline, a quinone-containing polymer, and any combination thereof.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the working electrode is a Pd/PdH working electrode.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the recognition moiety is a bio-based moiety or a biomimetic moiety.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the recognition moiety comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a protein, a polypeptide, an aptamer, an affimer, a molecularly imprinted polymer, a glycopolymer, an oligonucleotide, and any combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
determining the change in magnitude of the signal; and
correlating the change in magnitude of the signal to the amount of analyte that is interacted with the sensing element.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein the signal is detectable optically, electrochemically, thermally, gravimetrically, calorimetrically, or any combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 9 , wherein the working electrode and the sensing element are located upon an in-common substrate.
20. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
adjusting pH in a sample containing the analyte before interacting the analyte with the sensing element.
21. The method of claim 9 , wherein the analyte and/or the recognition moiety undergoes protonation or deprotonation or a conformation change upon a pH change occurring in proximity to the at least one sensing element.