Fluorescent water treatment compounds and method of use
Disclosed herein are graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compounds or polymers, and methods of making and using. Also described herein are tagged compositions including an industrial water source treatment compound or polymer combined with a graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The tagged materials are tailored to fluoresce at wavelengths with minimized correspondence to the natural or “background” fluorescence of irradiated materials in industrial water sources, enabling quantification of the concentration of the water source treatment compound or polymer in situ by irradiation and fluorescence measurement of the water source containing the tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The fluorescence measurement methods are similarly useful to quantify mixtures of tagged and untagged water source treatment compounds or polymers present in an industrial water source.
1. A method of determining the concentration of a treatment compound in a water source, the method comprising
combining a water source, a treatment compound effective for treating the water source, and a graphene quantum dot having a residue of the treatment compound covalently bonded thereto to form a tagged water source;
irradiating the tagged water source with a source of light having a selected first range of wavelengths; and
measuring the luminescent emission of the tagged water source at a selected second range of wavelengths, wherein the measuring is carried out substantially contemporaneously with the irradiating.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second range of wavelengths is between about 600 nm and 700 nm.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second range of wavelengths is substantially a single wavelength.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the single wavelength of the second range of wavelengths is about 600 nm.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first range of wavelengths is substantially a single wavelength.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the single wavelength of the first range of wavelengths is about 500 nm.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the luminescent emission is proportional to the concentration of the treatment compound in the tagged water source.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the graphene quantum dot in the tagged water source is at least 0.1 ppb by weight.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the total concentration of the treatment compound plus the graphene quantum dot in the tagged water source is about 5 ppm to 5000 ppm by weight.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the water source is a produced water, wherein the produced water comprises entrained hydrocarbon.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the water source is a process stream.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the measuring of the luminescent emission is carried out at least at one point downstream from the combining.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the measured luminescent emission is used to direct the rate of combining the treatment compound and the graphene quantum dot with the water source at the upstream location of the combining.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the treatment compound is combined with the graphene quantum dot to form a treatment composition, and the treatment composition is combined with the water source to form the tagged water source.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the ratio of the graphene quantum dot to the treatment compound in the treatment composition is about 1:10 to about 1:1×10 11 by weight.
16. The method of claim 14 comprising further adding a solvent to the treatment composition prior to combining the treatment composition with the water source.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the graphene quantum dot has a particle size of about 1 nm to 20 nm.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the treatment compound comprises one or more imidazoline, ammonium, alkylpyridine, phosphate ester, or thiol groups.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the covalent bonding comprises a carboxyl or carboxamide group bonded to the graphene quantum dot and to the treatment compound.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the treatment compound is selected from: a pH adjustment agent, an antifreeze agent, a purifier, a softener, an antiscale agent, a biocide, a fungicide, a stabilizer, an emulsifier, a hydrotrope, an emulsion breaker, an antifouling compound, a coagulant, a flocculant, a chelating agent, a surfactant, an oxygen scavenger, a rheology control agent, a defoamer, a foam inhibitor, a hydrate inhibitor, a dispersant, and a sulfide inhibitor.