Methods for the treatment of flue gas streams using sorbent compositions with reduced auto-ignition properties
An activated carbon sorbent composition comprising activated carbon and a passivation agent, wherein the activated carbon sorbent composition exhibits reduced self-heating or auto-ignition properties as compared to the activated carbon. The activated carbon sorbent composition may be utilized to sequester contaminants such as mercury from a flue gas stream. The passivation agent includes a sulfur species, and may be a sulfur oxide compound, a sulfide compound, or an organic sulfur compound. Methods for the manufacture of the activated carbon sorbent composition and for the sequestration of contaminants in a flue gas stream using the composition are also disclosed.
1. A sorbent composition, comprising:
powdered activated carbon having a median particle size of not greater than about 30 μm; and
a passivation agent comprising a sulfur oxide compound comprising an anion defined by the formula S x O y 2− , where x=2 and y=3, 4, 5, 6, or 8, and a cation selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, aluminum, a nitrogen containing compound, a transition metal, an alkali metal, and an alkaline earth metal.
2. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the cation is a nitrogen-containing compound.
3. The sorbent composition of claim 2 , wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is ammonium.
4. The sorbent composition of claim 2 , wherein the sulfur oxide compound is ammonium persulfate.
5. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the cation is an alkaline earth metal.
6. The sorbent composition of claim 5 , wherein the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, and barium.
7. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the cation is a transition metal.
8. The sorbent composition of claim 7 , wherein the cation is selected from the group consisting of zinc, iron, copper, nickel, titanium, manganese, and vanadium.
9. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent composition comprises at least about 0.1 wt. % and less than about 20 wt % of the passivation agent.
10. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent composition comprises at least about 0.5 wt. % and less than about 10 wt % of the passivation agent.
11. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein a specific enthalpy of the sorbent composition is at least about 20% lower than a specific enthalpy of the powdered activated carbon.
12. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein a peak oxidation rate of the sorbent composition is at least about 20% lower than a peak oxidation rate of the powdered activated carbon.
13. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , further comprising an oxidation agent.
14. The sorbent composition of claim 13 , wherein the oxidation agent comprises a halogen species.
15. The sorbent composition of claim 14 , wherein the halogen species comprises a bromide salt selected from the group consisting of sodium bromide, ammonium bromide, calcium bromide, lithium bromide, and magnesium bromide.
16. The sorbent composition of claim 14 , wherein the halogen species comprises iodine compound selected from the group consisting of iodides, iodates, and hypoiodites.
17. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a particle density of at least about 0.4 g/cc, a total pore volume of at least about 0.2 cc/g, and a ratio of micropore volume to mesopore volume of at least about 0.7 and no more than about 1.5.
18. The sorbent composition of claim 1 , wherein the powdered activated carbon has a median particle size of at least about 6 μm.
19. A sorbent composition, comprising:
free flowing powdered activated carbon having a median particle size of not greater than about 30 μm, a particle density of at least about 0.4 g/cc, a total pore volume of at least about 0.2 cc/g, and a ratio of micropore volume to mesopore volume of at least about 0.7 and no more than about 1.5; and
a passivation agent comprising a sulfur oxide compound comprising an anion defined by the formula S x O y 2− , where x=2 and y=3, 4, 5, 6, or 8, and a cation selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, aluminum, a nitrogen containing compound, a transition metal, an alkali metal, and an alkaline earth metal,
wherein the sorbent composition comprises at least about 0.1 wt. % and less than about 20 wt % of the passivation agent.
20. A sorbent composition, comprising:
free flowing powdered activated carbon having a median particle size of not greater than about 30 μm;
a passivation agent comprising a sulfur oxide compound comprising an anion defined by the formula S x O y 2− , where x=2 and y=3, 4, 5, 6, or 8, and a cation selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, aluminum, a nitrogen containing compound, a transition metal, an alkali metal, and an alkaline earth metal, and
a halogen species.