Safe battery energy management systems, battery management system nodes, and methods
A battery stack includes a plurality of battery management system (BMS) nodes and a controller. Each BMS node includes a battery, an isolation switch configured to selectably isolate the battery of the BMS node from the batteries of the other BMS nodes, and a bypass switch configured to selectably provide a path for electrical current flowing through the battery stack to bypass the battery of the BMS node. The batteries of the BMS nodes are electrically coupled in series. The controller is configured to control the isolation switch and the bypass switch of each BMS node such that the battery of each BMS node can be individually connected to and disconnected from an electrical power source/sink.
1. A battery stack, comprising:
a plurality of batteries electrically coupled in series;
a plurality of switches, the plurality of switches including:
a respective isolation switch for each battery, each isolation switch being configured to selectably isolate its respective battery from other batteries of the battery stack, and
a respective bypass switch for each battery, each bypass switch being configured to selectably provide a path for electrical current flowing through the battery stack to bypass its respective battery; and
a controller configured to control the plurality of switches such that each battery can be individually connected to and disconnected from an electrical power source/sink,
the controller and the plurality of switches being collectively configured such that the battery stack is capable of operating in a plurality of stack operating modes, the plurality of stack operating modes including a normal charge mode, a normal discharge mode, a bypass mode, and one or more of a floating mode and a safe mode.
2. The battery stack of claim 1 , further comprising a respective DC-DC converter electrically coupled to each battery.
3. The battery stack of claim 2 , wherein each DC-DC converter is configured to transfer charge between its respective battery and another battery of the battery stack.
4. The battery stack of claim 2 , wherein each DC-DC converter is configured to transfer charge between its respective battery and a bus electrically coupled to the battery stack.
5. The battery stack of claim 4 , wherein each DC-DC converter is electrically coupled to the bus.
6. The battery stack of claim 5 , wherein the bus electrically couples the battery stack to an electrical load.
7. The battery stack of claim 5 , wherein the bus is a power transfer bus configured to transfer charge between the plurality of batteries.
8. The battery stack of claim 5 , wherein the controller is configured to control the DC-DC converter to regulate voltage on the bus.
9. A battery stack, comprising:
a plurality of batteries electrically coupled in series;
a plurality of switches; and
a controller configured to control the plurality of switches such that each battery can be
individually connected to and disconnected from an electrical power source/sink;
wherein:
the controller and the plurality of switches are collectively configured such that the battery stack is capable of operating in a plurality of stack operating modes, the plurality of stack operating modes including a normal charge mode, a normal discharge mode, and one or more of a bypass mode, a floating mode, and a safe mode, and
the controller is further configured to cause the battery stack to operate in one of the bypass mode, the floating mode, and the safe node, in response to occurrence of a fault in an energy storage system including the battery stack.
10. The battery stack of claim 9 , wherein the fault is selected from the group consisting of a stack-level series electrical arc, a system-level series electrical arc, a stack-level parallel electrical arc, a system-level parallel electrical arc, and failure of a subsystem of the energy storage system.
11. A battery stack, comprising:
a plurality of batteries electrically coupled in series;
a plurality of switches; and
a controller configured to control the plurality of switches such that each battery can be individually connected to and disconnected from an electrical power source/sink;
wherein:
the controller and the plurality of switches are collectively configured such that the battery stack is capable of operating in a plurality of stack operating modes, the plurality of stack operating modes including a normal charge mode, a normal discharge mode, and a floating mode, and
the controller is further configured to cause the battery stack to operate in the floating mode in response to occurrence of an electrical arc fault in an energy storage system including the battery stack.
12. A battery stack, comprising:
a plurality of battery management system (BMS) nodes, each BMS node including:
a battery,
an isolation switch configured to selectably isolate the battery of the BMS node from the batteries of the other BMS nodes, and
a bypass switch configured to selectably provide a path for electrical current flowing through the battery stack to bypass the battery of the BMS node; and
a controller configured to control the isolation switch and the bypass switch of each BMS node such that the battery of each BMS node can be individually connected to and disconnected from an electrical power source/sink;
the batteries of the BMS nodes being electrically coupled in series.
13. The battery stack of claim 12 , wherein the controller is further configured to control the isolation switch and the bypass switch of each BMS node such that each BMS node is capable of operating in a plurality of operating modes independent of each other BMS node of the battery stack, the plurality of operating modes including a normal charge mode, a normal discharge mode, and a bypass mode.
14. The battery stack of claim 13 , the plurality of operating modes further including a floating mode.
15. The battery stack of claim 13 , the plurality of operating modes further including a safe mode.
16. The battery of stack of claim 13 , wherein the controller is further configured to cause a first BMS node of the plurality of BMS nodes to operate in its bypass mode in response to the battery of the first BMS node being unsafe.
17. The battery stack of claim 16 , wherein the controller is further configured to cause the battery of the first BMS node to be discharged in response to the battery of the first BMS node being unsafe.
18. The battery stack of claim 16 , wherein the first BMS node further includes discharge circuitry configured to discharge the battery of the first BMS node, and the controller is further configured to cause the battery of the first BMS node to be discharged by activating the discharge circuitry.
19. The battery stack of claim 12 , wherein each BMS node further includes a respective DC-DC converter electrically coupled to the battery of the BMS node.
20. The battery stack of claim 19 , wherein each DC-DC converter is configured to transfer charge between the battery of its respective BMS node and a battery of at least one other BMS node of the battery stack.
21. The battery stack of claim 19 , wherein each DC-DC converter is configured to transfer charge between the battery of its respective BMS node and a bus.