Sensors for 3-hydroxybutyrate detection
The invention provides amperometric analyte sensor systems comprising one or more electrodes designed to monitor in vivo levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (and optionally glucose as well) in order to facilitate the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. The invention further includes compositions, elements and methods useful with such amperometric analyte sensor systems.
1. An amperometric analyte sensor system comprising:
a 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode comprising:
a layer of an electroactive material;
an enzyme layer comprising 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme in operable contact with the electroactive material, wherein the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2;
a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in operable contact with the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme;
a mediator in operable contact with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; and
a 3-hydroxybutyrate modulating layer disposed over the enzyme layer, wherein the 3-hydroxybutyrate modulating layer comprises a composition that modulates diffusion of 3-hydroxybutyrate through the 3-hydroxybutyrate modulating layer.
2. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the mediator and/or the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is coupled to the electroactive material.
3. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 2 , wherein:
the mediator is entrapped within a redox polymer disposed over the electroactive material;
the mediator and/or the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is coupled to the electroactive material via an interaction between avidin and biotin;
the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is coupled to the electroactive material via an interaction between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and a compound comprising a phenylboronic acid moiety;
the mediator and/or the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is covalently coupled to the electroactive material; or
the electroactive material comprises a carbon paste or a carbon ink having the mediator embedded therein.
4. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 3 , wherein:
the mediator, a linking agent and the compound comprising the phenylboronic acid moiety are operatively coupled to the electroactive material via an electropolymerization process; and
the linking agent comprises a heteropolyfunctional compound coupled to the electroactive material.
5. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the amperometric analyte sensor system further comprises a barrier layer disposed over the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, wherein the barrier layer inhibits the diffusion of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide therethrough.
6. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is disposed in or under a layer formed from a material that degrades over time such that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is released over time from a matrix in the amperometric analyte sensor system.
7. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , wherein:
avidin is coupled to the electroactive material;
biotin is coupled to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; and
the 3-hydroxybutyrate modulating layer comprises at least one of cellulose acetate, polyurethane, polycarbonate, or poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
8. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , wherein:
the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode is disposed within a piercing member adapted to contact interstitial fluids; and/or
the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode comprises amounts of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide molecules that are at least two fold greater than amounts of the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme molecules.
9. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a processor; and
a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to assess signal data obtained from the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode; wherein:
the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode and the processor are coupled so that the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode monitors levels of the 3-hydroxybutyrate present at the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode;
the processor uses an algorithm to calculate a concentration of the 3-hydroxybutyrate.
10. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 1 , further comprising a glucose sensing electrode comprising:
a base formed from an electrically resistant material;
a layer of an electroactive material disposed on the base;
a layer of a glucose oxidase enzyme disposed on the electroactive material layer; and
a glucose analyte modulating layer disposed over the layer of glucose oxidase enzyme and comprising a composition that modulates diffusion of glucose through the glucose analyte modulating layer.
11. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 10 , wherein the glucose sensing electrode or the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode is coated with at least one of:
an interference rejection layer;
a protein layer;
an adhesion promoting layer; and
a layer comprising poly-1-lysine polymers having molecular weights between 30 KDa and 300 KDa.
12. The amperometric analyte sensor system of claim 10 , further comprising:
a processor; and
a computer-readable program having instructions which cause the processor to assess signal data obtained from the glucose sensing electrode and the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode; wherein:
the glucose sensing electrode and the processor are coupled so that the glucose sensing electrode monitors levels of the glucose present at the glucose sensing electrode;
the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode and the processor are coupled so that the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode monitors levels of the 3-hydroxybutyrate present at the 3-hydroxybutyrate sensing electrode;
the processor uses a first algorithm to calculate a concentration of the glucose; and
the processor uses a second algorithm to calculate a concentration of the 3-hydroxybutyrate.