Heat utilisation in an environmental control system
There is disclosed an environmental control system for heating at least one enclosed space. The system comprises a heat-pump circuit that includes a compressor, a heat-output stage, an expansion device and an evaporator arranged in series along a flow path for a refrigerant. The heat-output stage comprises a primary heat exchanger and a secondary heat exchanger that are both configured to transfer heat from the refrigerant to one or more external mediums in thermal communication with the at least one enclosed space. The primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are connected in series along the flow path, such that the secondary heat exchanger will transfer excess heat energy remaining within the refrigerant after passing through the primary heat exchanger to the one or more external mediums.
1. An environmental control system for heating at least one enclosed space, comprising:
a heat-pump circuit that includes a compressor, a heat-output stage, an expansion device and an evaporator arranged in series along a flow path for a refrigerant;
wherein the heat-output stage comprises a primary heat exchanger and a secondary heat exchanger that are configured to transfer heat from the refrigerant to at least one external medium for heating the at least one enclosed space;
wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are connected in series along the flow path, such that the secondary heat exchanger is configured to receive the refrigerant from the primary heat exchanger and to transfer heat remaining in the refrigerant after the primary heat exchanger to the at least one external medium;
wherein the primary heat exchanger is part of a first heat distribution loop which is in thermal communication with a first enclosed space to be heated; and
the secondary heat exchanger is part of a second heat distribution loop which is in thermal communication with a second enclosed space to be heated.
2. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are downstream of the compressor and upstream of the evaporator, in the refrigerant flow direction.
3. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are active components configured to transfer heat between heat-conductive mediums; and
wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger form a first two active components downstream of the compressor in the refrigerant flow direction.
4. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are upstream of the expansion device, which is itself upstream of the evaporator, in the refrigerant flow direction.
5. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-liquid heat exchanger.
6. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the secondary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-gas heat exchanger.
7. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-liquid heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-gas heat exchanger.
8. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are configured to transfer heat from the refrigerant to respective external mediums, wherein both external mediums are for heating the at least one enclosed space.
9. An environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the refrigerant is CO 2 or a CO 2 based refrigerant.
10. A vehicle comprising an environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 .
11. A vehicle as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the at least one enclosed space is a passenger compartment of the vehicle.
12. A vehicle as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the vehicle is a mass-transit vehicle.
13. A method of heating at least one enclosed space using an environmental control system as claimed in claim 1 , the method comprising:
using the compressor to drive a flow of refrigerant along the flow path defined by the heat-pump circuit, wherein the refrigerant flows in a refrigerant flow direction from the compressor, through the primary heat exchanger of the heat-output stage and then through the secondary heat exchanger of the heat-output stage, such that the secondary heat exchanger transfers heat remaining in the refrigerant after the primary heat exchanger to the at least one external medium;
wherein:
the primary heat exchanger is part of a first heat distribution loop which is in thermal communication with a first enclosed space to be heated; and
the secondary heat exchanger is part of a second heat distribution loop which is in thermal communication with a second enclosed space to be heated.
14. A method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the at least one enclosed space is within a vehicle.
15. A method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-liquid heat exchanger.
16. A method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the secondary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-gas heat exchanger.
17. A method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-liquid heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger is a refrigerant-to-gas heat exchanger.
18. A method as claimed in claim 17 , wherein the primary heat exchanger and the secondary heat exchanger are configured to transfer heat from the refrigerant to respective external mediums, wherein both external mediums are for heating the at least one enclosed space.