Optical differential low-noise receivers and related methods
Low-noise optical differential receivers are described. Such differential receivers may include a differential amplifier having first and second inputs and first and second outputs, and four photodetectors. A first and a second of such photodetectors are coupled to the first input of the differential amplifier, and a third and a fourth of such photodetectors are coupled to the second input of the differential amplifier. The anode of the first photodetector and the cathode of the second photodetector are coupled to the first input of the differential amplifier. The cathode of the third photodetector and the anode of the fourth photodetector are coupled to the second input of the differential amplifier. The optical receiver may involve two stages of signal subtraction, which may significantly increase noise immunity.
1. A method for fabricating an optical receiver, the method comprising:
fabricating first, second, third and fourth photodetectors on a chip configured to produce first, second, third and fourth photocurrents, respectively, such that an anode of the first photodetector is coupled to a cathode of the second photodetector so that the first photodetector and the second photodetector are configured to produce a first differential current based on a difference between the first photocurrent and the second photocurrent, and a cathode of the third photodetector is coupled to an anode of the fourth photodetector so that the third photodetector and the fourth photodetector are configured to produce a second differential current based on a difference between the third photocurrent and the fourth photocurrent;
fabricating a differential operational amplifier on the chip having first and second inputs and first and second outputs such that the first and second photodetectors are coupled to the first input and the third and fourth photodetectors are coupled to the second input; and
fabricating a photonic circuit on the chip that is configured to provide a first optical signal to the first and third photodetectors and a second optical signal to the second and fourth photodetectors.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors such that the anode of the first photodetector and the cathode of the second photodetector are coupled to the first input of the differential amplifier.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors such that the cathode of the third photodetector and the anode of the fourth photodetector are coupled to the second input of the differential amplifier.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors on the chip comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors on a silicon-on-insulator substrate or a bulk silicon substrate.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors within an area of 0.1 mm 2 on the chip.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors to have equal responsivities.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising fabricating an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) on the chip such that the ADC is coupled to the first and second outputs of the differential amplifier.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein fabricating the photonic circuit comprises fabricating, on the chip:
a first waveguide coupled to the first photodetector;
a second waveguide coupled to the second photodetector;
a third waveguide coupled to the third photodetector;
a fourth waveguide coupled to the fourth photodetector;
a first coupler coupling the first waveguide to the third waveguide;
a second coupler coupling the second waveguide to the fourth waveguide; and
a third coupler coupling the first waveguide to the second waveguide.
9. A method for fabricating an optical receiver, the method comprising:
obtaining a first chip comprising:
first, second, third and fourth photodetectors configured to produce first, second, third and fourth photocurrents respectively, such that an anode of the first photodetector is coupled to a cathode of the second photodetector so that the first photodetector and the second photodetector are configured to produce a first differential current based on a difference between the first photocurrent and the second photocurrent, and a cathode of the third photodetector is coupled to an anode of the fourth photodetector so that the third photodetector and the fourth photodetector are configured to produce a second differential current based on a difference between the third photocurrent and the fourth photocurrent; and
a photonic circuit configured to provide a first optical signal to the first and third photodetectors and a second optical signal to the second and fourth photodetectors;
obtaining a second chip comprising a differential operational amplifier having first and second inputs and first and second outputs; and
bonding the first chip to the second chip such that the first and second photodetectors are coupled to the first input and the third and fourth photodetectors are coupled to the second input.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein bonding the first chip to the second chip comprises wire bonding the first chip to the second chip.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein bonding the first chip to the second chip comprises flip-chip bonding the first chip to the second chip.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein bonding the first chip to the second chip comprises coupling the anode of the first photodetector and the cathode of the second photodetector to the first input of the differential amplifier.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein bonding the first chip to the second chip further comprises coupling the cathode of the third photodetector and the anode of the fourth photodetector to the second input of the differential amplifier.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors on the first chip fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors on a silicon photonics chip.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors within an area of 0.1 mm 2 on the chip.
16. The method of claim 9 , wherein fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors comprises fabricating the first, second, third and fourth photodetectors to have equal responsivities.
17. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second chip further comprises an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) coupled to the first and second outputs of the differential amplifier.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first chip further comprises:
a first waveguide coupled to the first photodetector;
a second waveguide coupled to the second photodetector;
a third waveguide coupled to the third photodetector;
a fourth waveguide coupled to the fourth photodetector;
a first coupler coupling the first waveguide to the third waveguide;
a second coupler coupling the second waveguide to the fourth waveguide; and
a third coupler coupling the first waveguide to the second waveguide.