Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in sensor systems, devices, and related methods
A diagnostic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is applied to measure values of impedance-related parameters for one or more sensing electrodes. The parameters may include real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance magnitude, and/or phase angle. The measured values of the impedance-related parameters are then used in performing sensor diagnostics, calculating a highly-reliable fused sensor glucose value based on signals from a plurality of redundant sensing electrodes, calibrating sensors, detecting interferents within close proximity of one or more sensing electrodes, and testing surface area characteristics of electroplated electrodes. Advantageously, impedance-related parameters can be defined that are substantially glucose-independent over specific ranges of frequencies. An Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) enables implementation of the EIS-based diagnostics, fusion algorithms, and other processes based on measurement of EIS-based parameters.
1. A method for detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode of a sensor, the method comprising:
accessing, by a microprocessor, multiple sets of impedance related data for the working electrode over time, wherein an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is performed to generate the multiple sets of impedance related data, and each of the multiple sets of impedance related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
based on multiple sets of impedance related data, calculating, by the microprocessor, real impedance values at 0.105 Hz and voltages at the working electrode;
determining, by the microprocessor, based on the real impedance values and voltages over time, that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the real impedance values becoming more positive over time and the voltages reaching a rail voltage; and
based on the determination that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, generating, by the microprocessor, an alert for presentation to a user of the sensor, the alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rail voltage is 1.2 volts.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising calculating, by the microprocessor, respective values of real impedance at a plurality of frequencies from each of the multiple sets of impedance related data.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising calculating by the microprocessor, imaginary impedance values at 1 kHz based on the multiple sets of impedance.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising determining that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the imaginary impedance values becoming negative over time.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a plurality of redundant working electrodes,
wherein EIS procedure is performed for each of the plurality of working electrodes to generate multiple sets of impedance related data for each redundant working electrode,
wherein the respective values of one or more impedance related parameters are calculated for each redundant working electrode, and
wherein the sensitivity loss determination is made for each redundant working electrode by comparing the respective values for at least one redundant working electrode to the respective values for at least a second redundant working electrode of the plurality of redundant working electrodes over time.
8. A sensor for detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode, the sensor comprising:
a working electrode;
storage circuitry to store an alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced; and
a microprocessor configured to:
accessing multiple sets of impedance related data for the working electrode over time, wherein the multiple sets of impedance related data are generated by an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure, and wherein each of the multiple sets of impedance related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
based on multiple sets of impedance related data, calculating real impedance values at 0.105 Hz and voltages at the working electrode;
determining, based on the real impedance values and voltages over time, that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the real impedance values becoming more positive over time and the voltages reaching a rail voltage; and
based on the determination that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, generating an alert for presentation to a user of the sensor, the alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced.
9. The sensor of claim 8 , wherein each EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
10. The sensor of claim 8 , wherein the rail voltage is 1.2 volts.
11. The sensor of claim 8 , wherein the microprocessor is further configured to calculate respective values of real impedance at a plurality of frequencies from each of the multiple sets of impedance related data.
12. The sensor of claim 8 , wherein the microprocessor is further configured to determine that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the imaginary impedance values becoming negative over time.
13. The sensor of claim 8 , wherein the sensor further includes a plurality of redundant working electrodes,
wherein the multiple sets of impedance related data are generated by an EIS procedure,
wherein the respective values of one or more impedance related parameters are calculated for each redundant working electrode, and
wherein the sensitivity loss determination is made for each redundant working electrode by comparing the respective values for at least one redundant working electrode to the respective values for at least a second redundant working electrode of the plurality of redundant working electrodes over time.
14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions that, when executed by a microprocessor, cause operations for detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode of a sensor, the operations comprising:
accessing multiple sets of impedance related data for the working electrode over time, wherein an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is performed to generate the multiple sets of impedance related data, and each of the multiple sets of impedance related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
based on multiple sets of impedance related data, calculating, by the microprocessor, real impedance values at 0.105 Hz and voltages at the working electrode;
determining, based on the real impedance values and voltages over time, that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the real impedance values becoming more positive over time and the voltages reaching a rail voltage; and
based on the determination that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, generating an alert for presentation to a user of the sensor, the alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced.
15. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 14 , wherein each EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the rail voltage is 1.2 volts.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the instructions further cause operations comprising: calculating respective values of real impedance at a plurality of frequencies from each of the multiple sets of impedance related data.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the instructions further cause operations comprising: calculating imaginary impedance values at 1 kHz based on the multiple sets of impedance related data.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the instructions further cause operations comprising: determining that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the imaginary impedance values becoming negative over time.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the sensor further includes a plurality of redundant working electrodes, and
wherein the EIS procedure is performed for each of the plurality of working electrodes to generate multiple sets of impedance related data for each redundant working electrode,
wherein the respective values of one or more impedance related parameters are calculated for each redundant working electrode, and
wherein the sensitivity loss determination is made for each working electrode by comparing the respective values for at least one redundant working electrode to the respective values for at least a second redundant working electrode of the plurality of redundant working electrodes over time.