Electrically conductive proppant and methods for detecting, locating and characterizing the electrically conductive proppant
Electrically conductive proppants and methods for detecting, locating, and characterizing same are provided. The electrically conductive proppant can include a substantially uniform coating of an electrically conductive material having a thickness of at least 500 nm. The method can include injecting a hydraulic fluid into a wellbore extending into a subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to open a fracture therein, injecting into the fracture a fluid containing the electrically conductive proppant, electrically energizing the earth at or near the fracture, and measuring three dimensional (x, y, and z) components of electric and magnetic field responses at a surface of the earth or in an adjacent wellbore.
1. A method of manufacturing electrically-conductive proppant particles, comprising:
preparing a slurry comprising water, a binder, an electrically-conductive material, and a raw material having an alumina content;
atomizing the slurry to form droplets;
coating seeds comprising alumina with the droplets to form a plurality of green pellets; and
sintering the green pellets to provide sintered electrically-conductive proppant particles.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises one or more of a metal, an electrically-conductive polymer, graphite, or an electrically-conductive nanoparticle.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises graphite or carbon nanotubes.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, and nickel.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises nickel.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises graphite.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered electrically-conductive proppant particles have an electrically-conductive material concentration of about 5 wt % to about 10 wt %.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein each green pellet comprises a seed portion having about 5% to about 20%, by volume, of the green pellet.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically-conductive proppant particles have a resistivity of about 100 ohm-cm to about 0.8 ohm-cm.
10. A method of manufacturing electrically-conductive proppant particles, comprising:
preparing droplets comprising water, a binder, an electrically-conductive material, and a raw material having an alumina content;
coating seeds comprising alumina with the droplets to form a plurality of green pellets, wherein the droplets have an alumina content at least 10% less than the alumina content of the seeds; and
sintering the green pellets to provide sintered electrically-conductive proppant particles having a resistivity of about 100 ohm-cm to about 0.8 ohm-cm.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises one or more of a metal, an electrically-conductive polymer, graphite, or an electrically-conductive nanoparticle.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises graphite or carbon nanotubes.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, and nickel.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises nickel.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises graphite.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the slurry has an electrically-conductive material concentration of about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of solids contained in the slurry.
17. A proppant pack comprising:
a plurality of electrically-conductive proppant particles, each particle comprising a sintered green pellet formed from a slurry comprising water, a binder, an electrically-conductive material, and a raw material having an alumina content, wherein each particle has a resistivity of about 100 ohm-cm to about 0.8 ohm-cm.
18. The proppant pack of claim 17 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises one or more of a metal, an electrically-conductive polymer, graphite, or an electrically-conductive nanoparticle.
19. The proppant pack of claim 17 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises graphite or carbon nanotubes.
20. The proppant pack of claim 17 , wherein the electrically-conductive material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, and nickel.