Object tracking system including polarization selective optical element

1. A system, comprising:

a polarization selective optical element configured to diffract a light reflected by an object into a plurality of signal lights; and

at least one optical sensor configured to receive the signal lights and generate a plurality of tracking signals for tracking the object,

wherein the at least one optical sensor includes a plurality of optical sensors spaced apart from one another, and configured to receive the plurality of signal lights.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least two of the plurality of signal lights have orthogonal polarizations.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of optical sensors are disposed at different sides of the object that is tracked, and are configured to receive the signal lights propagating in different directions.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of optical sensors are disposed at the same side of the object that is tracked, and are coupled with a plurality of reflectors configured to selectively reflect the signal lights toward the optical sensors.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the polarization selective optical element includes at least one of sub-wavelength structures, a birefringent material, or a photo-refractive holographic material.

6. The system of claim 1 ,

wherein the polarization selective optical element includes a Pancharatnam-Berry phase (“PBP”) element configured to diffract a first component of the light reflected by the object as a first signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and diffract a second component of the light reflected by the object as a second signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and

wherein the first signal light and the second signal light have diffraction angles of opposite signs.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the polarization selective optical element includes a stack of a first polarization volume hologram (“PVH”) element and a second PVH element configured with opposite polarization selectivities.

8. The system of claim 7 ,

wherein the first PVH element is configured to diffract a first component of the light reflected by the object as a first signal light of the plurality of signal lights,

wherein the second PVH element is configured to diffract a second component of the light reflected by the object as a second signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and

wherein the first signal light and the second signal light have diffraction angles of opposite signs or the same sign.

9. The system of claim 7 ,

wherein the first PVH element and the second PVH element are configured with a first predetermined operating wavelength range,

wherein the system further includes a third PVH element and a fourth PVH stacked with the first PVH element and the second PVH element, the third PVH element and the fourth PVH element being configured with opposite polarization selectivities, and

wherein the third PVH element and the fourth PVH element are configured with a second predetermined operating wavelength range different from the first predetermined operating wavelength range.

10. The system of claim 9 ,

wherein the third PVH element is configured to diffract a third component of the light reflected by the object as a third signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and

wherein the fourth PVH element is configured to diffract a fourth component of the light reflected by the object as a fourth signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and

wherein the third signal light and the fourth signal light have diffraction angles of opposite signs or the same sign.

11. An optical element, comprising:

a primary birefringent medium layer having a first birefringence; and

two or more secondary birefringent medium layers stacked with the primary birefringent medium layer and distributed at both sides of the primary birefringent medium layer, the two or more secondary birefringent medium layers having two or more birefringences,

wherein the primary birefringent medium layer and the two or more secondary birefringent medium layers include birefringent materials having chiralities, and

wherein the first birefringence is greater than the two or more birefringences.

12. The optical element of claim 11 , wherein the two or more secondary birefringent medium layers are symmetrically distributed at both sides of the primary birefringent medium layer.

13. The optical element of claim 11 , wherein the two or more secondary birefringent medium layers are asymmetrically distributed at both sides of the primary birefringent medium layer.

14. A system, comprising:

a light source configured to emit a light to illuminate an object, the light being reflected by the object;

a polarization selective optical element configured to diffract the light reflected by the object into a plurality of signal lights; and

at least one optical sensor configured to receive the signal lights and generate a plurality of tracking signals for tracking the object,

wherein the at least one optical sensor includes at least two optical sensors configured to receive at least two of the plurality of signal lights with orthogonal polarizations, respectively.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein at least two of the plurality of signal lights have orthogonal polarizations.

16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the at least two optical sensors are disposed at different sides of the object that is tracked, and are configured to receive the signal lights propagating in different directions.

17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the at least two optical sensors are disposed at the same side of the object that is tracked, and are coupled with a plurality of reflectors configured to selectively reflect the signal lights toward the at least two optical sensors.

18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the polarization selective optical element includes at least one of sub-wavelength structures, a birefringent material, or a photo-refractive holographic material.

19. The system of claim 14 ,

wherein the polarization selective optical element includes a Pancharatnam-Berry phase (“PBP”) element configured to diffract a first component of the light reflected by the object as a first signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and diffract a second component of the light reflected by the object as a second signal light of the plurality of signal lights, and

wherein the first signal light and the second signal light have diffraction angles of opposite signs.

20. The system of claim 14 , wherein the polarization selective optical element includes a stack of a first polarization volume hologram (“PVH”) element and a second PVH element configured with opposite polarization selectivities.