Anisotropic thermally conductive polymers and methods of making and using the same
Some variations provide an anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition comprising a plurality of polarizable, thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules with crystalline domains. The liquid-crystal polymer molecules are in a nematic phase or a smectic phase, and at least 80% of the crystalline domains are aligned along a crystal axis. A method of making an anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition comprises: synthesizing or obtaining a polymer containing polarizable domains; heating the polymer to form a polymer melt; cooling the polymer melt to form a thermotropic liquid-crystal polymer; exposing the thermotropic liquid-crystal polymer to an electrical field, thereby aligning the polarizable domains along a crystal axis; and recovering the thermotropic liquid-crystal polymer as an anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition. The polymer composition may be formed into an object characterized by thermal conductivity along the minimum dimension that is at least three times greater than thermal conductivity along the maximum dimension.
1. An anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition comprising a plurality of thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules,
wherein said thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules each contain crystalline domains;
wherein said thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are polarizable;
wherein said thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are characterized by a weight-average molecular weight from about 10 2 g/mol to about 10 7 g/mol;
wherein said thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are in a nematic phase, a smectic phase, or a combination thereof; and
wherein at least 80% of said crystalline domains are aligned along a crystal axis with a full width at half maximum degree of alignment of 10 degrees or less.
2. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein said thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are not dissolved in a solvent.
3. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein said thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are in solid form.
4. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein said crystalline domains contain aromatic rings.
5. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein at least 90% of said crystalline domains are aligned along said crystal axis with said full width at half maximum degree of alignment of 10 degrees or less.
6. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 1 , wherein said anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition is in the form of an object with a minimum dimension and a maximum dimension, and wherein the aspect ratio of said maximum dimension to said minimum dimension is selected from 1 to about 100.
7. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 6 , wherein said aspect ratio is selected from 1 to about 10.
8. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 6 , wherein said object is characterized by thermal conductivity along said minimum dimension that is at least three times greater than thermal conductivity along said maximum dimension.
9. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 6 , wherein said object is characterized by thermal conductivity along said minimum dimension that is at least ten times greater than thermal conductivity along said maximum dimension.
10. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 6 , wherein said object is characterized by thermal conductivity along said maximum dimension that is at least three times greater than thermal conductivity along said minimum dimension.
11. An anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition comprising a plurality of thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules,
wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules each contain crystalline domains;
wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are polarizable;
wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are characterized by a weight-average molecular weight from about 10 2 g/mol to about 10 7 g/mol;
wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are in a nematic phase, a smectic phase, or a combination thereof; and
wherein at least 80% of said crystalline domains are aligned along a crystal axis with a full width at half maximum degree of alignment of 20 degrees or less.
12. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 11 , wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are not dissolved in a solvent.
13. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 11 , wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules are in solid form.
14. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 11 , wherein said thermotropic side-chain liquid-crystal polymer molecules each contain amorphous domains.
15. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 11 , wherein said crystalline domains contain aromatic rings.
16. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 11 , wherein at least 90% of said crystalline domains are aligned along said crystal axis with said full width at half maximum degree of alignment of 20 degrees or less.
17. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 16 , wherein said full width at half maximum degree of alignment is 10 degrees or less.
18. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 11 , wherein said anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition is in the form of an object with a minimum dimension and a maximum dimension, and wherein the aspect ratio of said maximum dimension to said minimum dimension is selected from 1 to about 100.
19. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 17 , wherein said aspect ratio is selected from 1 to about 10.
20. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 17 , wherein said object is characterized by a coefficient of thermal expansion along said crystal axis that is at least 25% lower compared to an otherwise-equivalent side-chain liquid-crystal polymer with no alignment of said crystalline domains.
21. The anisotropic thermally conductive polymer composition of claim 17 , wherein said object is characterized by a coefficient of thermal expansion along said crystal axis that is at least 50% lower compared to an otherwise-equivalent side-chain liquid-crystal polymer with no alignment of said crystalline domains.