Electromagnetic device and method of making same
An electromagnetic, EM, device, includes: a three-dimensional, 3D, body having a dielectric material, the 3D body having a first dielectric portion, 1DP, and a second dielectric portion, 2DP, wherein the 1DP is at least partially but not completely embedded within the 2DP; wherein the 1DP and the 2DP each have a dielectric material other than air; wherein the 1DP and the 2DP each have a planar cross-section profile perpendicular to a particular linear axis of the 3D body that is constant along the particular linear axis; wherein at least a portion of the 3D body is a dielectric resonator, DR.
1. An electromagnetic, EM, device, comprising:
a three-dimensional, 3D, body comprising a dielectric material, the 3D body having a first dielectric portion, 1DP, and a second dielectric portion, 2DP, wherein the 1DP is at least partially but not completely embedded within the 2DP;
wherein the 1DP and the 2DP each comprise a dielectric material other than air;
wherein the 1DP and the 2DP each have a planar cross-section profile perpendicular to a particular linear axis of the 3D body that is constant along the particular linear axis;
wherein the first dielectric portion, 1DP, of the 3D body comprises a dielectric resonator, DR; and
wherein the 3D body has a first planar end and an opposing second planar end, the first and second planar ends having a cross-section, perpendicular to the particular linear axis of the 3D body, with an outside profile of the 3D body at an outer periphery of each of the first and second planar ends that comprises both the 1DP and the 2DP.
2. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the 3D body is an extrusion along the particular linear axis.
3. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the second planar end is parallel with the first planar end.
4. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
at least one of the first planar end and the second planar end is perpendicular to the particular linear axis.
5. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
one or both of the first planar end and the second planar end has an outside 2D profile comprising any one of the following shapes: a complete or partial circle; a complete or partial ellipse; a complete or partial square; a complete or partial rectangle; a complete or partial triangle; a complete or partial pentagon; a complete or partial hexagon; a complete or partial octagon; a complete or partial parallelogram; a complete or partial trapezoid; a bowtie shape; or, a combination of any of the foregoing shapes.
6. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and second planar ends of 1DP has the same or a similar 2D shape as the first and second planar ends of the 2DP.
7. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and second planar ends of 1DP has a different or a dissimilar 2D shape as the first and second planar ends of the 2DP.
8. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the 1DP comprises a first dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, 1Dk, and the 2DP comprises a second dielectric material having a second average dielectric constant, 2Dk, wherein the 2Dk is different from the 1Dk.
9. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the 3D body further comprises at least a third dielectric portion, 3DP, the 2DP being at least partially but not completely embedded within the 3DP, the 3DP having a planar cross-section profile perpendicular to the particular linear axis of the 3D body that is constant along the particular linear axis.
10. The EM device of claim 9 , wherein:
the planar cross-section profile at a planar end of the 3D body along the particular linear axis comprises the 3DP.
11. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the 3D body has an overall height, H, in a direction parallel to the z-axis of either an orthogonal x-y-z coordinate system or a cylindrical r-θ-z coordinate system of the 3D body, and an overall maximum outside dimension, W, in a direction perpendicular to the z-axis, where H is greater than W.
12. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
a cross-section profile of the 1DP perpendicular to the particular linear axis comprises a plurality of radial projections that extend radially outward to an outer surface of the 3D body.
13. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the 1DP comprises an extension portion that is seamlessly and integrally formed with a base portion of the 1DP, the extension portion having a planar cross-section profile along the particular linear axis and at a distance from the base portion that is identical to the planar cross-section profile of the 1DP.
14. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
at least one of the 1DP and the 2DP is made from a ceramic or polymer-ceramic composite material.
15. The EM device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a substrate, wherein the 3D body is disposed on the substrate.
16. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the dielectric material of the 3D body has a dielectric constant that is variant in two axial directions of an orthogonal x-y-z coordinate system.
17. An array comprising a plurality of the 3D body of claim 15 , wherein:
each 3D body relative to each other 3D body is disposed at a center to center pitch spacing of equal to or less than λ/2, where λ is an operating wavelength of the EM device.
18. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the planar cross-section profile that is perpendicular and constant along a particular linear axis of the 3D body is a y-z planar cross-section profile that is perpendicular to and constant along an x-axis of an orthogonal x-y-z coordinate system of the 3D body.
19. The EM device of claim 1 , wherein:
the planar cross-section profile that is perpendicular and constant along a particular linear axis of the 3D body is an r-θ planar cross-section profile that is perpendicular to and constant along a z-axis of a cylindrical r-θ-z coordinate system of the 3D body.