Reactions and methods for producing fuels
The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a compound having the structure R 1 O—(CH 2 O) n —R 2 and a cetane number between about 65 and about 100, where n is between 1 and 10, inclusively, R 1 includes a first alkyl group, and R 2 includes a second alkyl group.
1. A fuel composition comprising:
CH 3 O(CH 2 O) n Bu′,
Bu″O(CH 2 O) m Bu′″, and
CH 3 O(CH 2 O) z CH 3 , and
a boiling point between 160° C. and 300° C., wherein:
n is between 1 and 6, inclusively,
m is between 1 and 6, inclusively, and
z is between 1 and 6, inclusively, and
each of Bu′, Bu″, and Bu′″ is independently selected from the group consisting of an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, and a sec-butyl group.
2. The fuel composition of claim 1 , further comprising a lower heating value (LHV) between about 30 MJ/kg and about 34 MJ/kg.
3. The fuel composition of claim 2 , further comprising a flash point temperature between about 62° C. and about 69° C.
4. The fuel composition of claim 3 , further comprising a cloud point temperature between about −58° C. and about 10° C.
5. The fuel composition of claim 4 , further comprising a yield sooting index (YSI) between about 37 and about 45.
6. The fuel composition of claim 1 , further comprising a water solubility between about 0.3 g/L and about 14 g/L.
7. A method comprising:
reacting a first mixture with an alcohol, R—OH, to form a first fuel mixture, wherein:
the reacting comprises an acid catalyzed trans-acetalization reaction,
the first mixture comprises CH 3 O(CH 2 O) z CH 3 ,
the fuel mixture comprises CH 3 O(CH 2 O) m R and RO(CH 2 O) n R,
the fuel mixture has a boiling point between 160° C. and 300° C.,
m is between 1 and 6, inclusively,
n is between 1 and 6, inclusively,
z is between 1 and 6 inclusively, and
R comprises a first alkyl group.
8. The fuel composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of CH 3 O(CH 2 O) n Pe′ or Pe″O(CH 2 O) m Pe′″, wherein:
each of Pe′, Pe″, and Pe′″ is independently selected from the group consisting of an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, and a neo-pentyl group.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein R comprises at least one of an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an iso-propyl group, a 1-methylpropyl group, a 2-methylpropyl group, a 1-methylbutyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group, a 3-methylbutyl group, a iso-pentyl group, or a neo-pentyl group.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein, when the reacting is started, the alcohol and CH 3 O(CH 2 O) z CH 3 are provided at a ratio between about 1:1 and about 50:1 (alcohol:CH 3 O(CH 2 O) z CH 3 ).
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reaction is catalyzed using an ion exchange resin.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reacting is performed at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 100° C.
13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reacting is performed at a pressure between about 1 atm and 2 atm (gauge).
14. The method of claim 7 , further comprising:
after the reacting, treating the first fuel mixture, wherein:
the treating separates the first fuel mixture into a second fuel mixture and a third fuel mixture,
the second fuel mixture comprises molecules having a boiling point in a range between about 160° C. and about 338° C., and
the third fuel mixture comprises molecules having a boiling point outside the range.