Land vehicles incorporating impact management systems

1. A land vehicle comprising:

a frame structure including an operator cage that at least partially defines an operator cabin and a rear compartment positioned rearward of the operator cage in a longitudinal direction, wherein the frame structure includes a pair of rails that each extends in the longitudinal direction from a first end arranged adjacent a pair of front wheels to a second end arranged adjacent a pair of rear wheels;

a plurality of wheels supported by the frame structure, wherein the plurality of wheels includes the pair of front wheels and the pair of rear wheels, and wherein the pair of front wheels are positioned forward of the pair of rear wheels in the longitudinal direction; and

an impact management system supported by the frame structure and positioned forward of the operator cage in the longitudinal direction, wherein the impact management system is configured to deform in response to impact forces applied thereto in use of the land vehicle to maintain structural integrity of the operator cage and the pair of rails, and wherein the impact management system includes a crash cage extending in the longitudinal direction from the first ends of the pair of rails to a forward-most point of the land vehicle,

wherein the crash cage includes a pair of upright inner posts each directly affixed to a corresponding one of the first ends of the pair of rails and a pair of upright outer posts each spaced from a corresponding one of the pair of upright inner posts in a lateral direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction such that the pair of upright outer posts are located outwardly of the pair of upright inner posts in the lateral direction.

2. The land vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a pair of upper links each extending in the lateral direction from one of the pair of upright inner posts to one of the pair of upright outer posts; and

a base link extending in the lateral direction from one of the pair of upright outer posts to the other of the pair of upright outer posts that is positioned vertically beneath the pair of upper links relative to a support surface on which the land vehicle is positioned.

3. The land vehicle of claim 2 , wherein one of the pair of upright outer posts, one of the pair of upright inner posts, one of the pair of upper links, and the base link cooperate to at least partially define a first four-bar linkage of the crash cage, and wherein the other of the pair of upright outer posts, the other of the pair of upright inner posts, the other of the pair of upper links, and the base link cooperate to at least partially define a second four-bar linkage of the crash cage.

4. The land vehicle of claim 3 , wherein the first four-bar linkage and the second four-bar linkage are aligned with the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction at the first ends of the pair of rails.

5. The land vehicle of claim 2 , wherein the crash cage includes a lower crash assembly having a first lower beam extending parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction, a second lower beam spaced from the first lower beam in the lateral direction and extending parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction, a first crossbar extending in the lateral direction to interconnect the first and second lower beams, and a second crossbar positioned rearward of the first crossbar in the longitudinal direction that extends in the lateral direction to interconnect the first and second lower beams.

6. The land vehicle of claim 5 , wherein:

the first lower beam extends in the longitudinal direction from one end coupled to one of the pair of upright inner posts to another end arranged adjacent the forward-most point of the land vehicle;

the second lower beam extends in the longitudinal direction from one end coupled to the other of the pair of upright inner posts to another end arranged adjacent the forward-most point of the land vehicle;

the lower crash assembly includes a first strut affixed to the first lower beam and the second crossbar such that the first strut is arranged oblique to the first lower beam; and

the lower crash assembly includes a second strut affixed to the second lower beam and the second crossbar such that the second strut is arranged oblique to the second lower beam.

7. The land vehicle of claim 2 , wherein the crash cage includes an upper crash assembly having a first upper beam extending parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction that is coupled to one of the pair of upright inner posts such that the first upper beam is arranged vertically above the pair of rails, a second upper beam spaced from the first upper beam in the lateral direction that extends parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction and is coupled to the other of the pair of upright inner posts such that the second upper beam is arranged vertically above the pair of rails, and a crash wall interconnecting the first and second upper beams in the lateral direction that is arranged adjacent the forward-most point of the land vehicle.

8. The land vehicle of claim 7 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a first outrigger structure extending from one of the pair of upright outer posts to a first end of the crash wall located adjacent the first upper beam; and

a second outrigger structure extending from the other of the pair of upright outer posts to a second end of the crash wall located adjacent the second upper beam.

9. The land vehicle of claim 8 , wherein:

the first outrigger structure is shaped to define a first arc between the one of the pair of upright outer posts and the first end of the crash wall;

the second outrigger structure is shaped to define a second arc between the other of the pair of upright outer posts and the second end of the crash wall; and

the first and second outrigger structures are configured for deformation in response to forces applied thereto in one or more directions that are not parallel to the longitudinal direction.

10. The land vehicle of claim 9 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a first reinforcement brace extending outwardly in the lateral direction and upwardly in a vertical direction from the first upper beam to the first outrigger structure; and

a second reinforcement brace extending outwardly in the lateral direction and upwardly in the vertical direction from the second upper beam to the second outrigger structure.

11. A land vehicle comprising:

a frame structure including an operator cage that at least partially defines an operator cabin and a rear compartment positioned rearward of the operator cage in a longitudinal direction, wherein the frame structure includes a pair of rails that each extends in the longitudinal direction, and wherein the operator cabin includes a steering wheel, an operator seat, and a rack arranged in the operator cabin opposite the steering wheel and the operator seat that includes a plurality of trays;

a plurality of wheels supported by the frame structure; and

an impact management system supported by the frame structure and positioned forward of the operator cage in the longitudinal direction, wherein the impact management system is configured to deform in response to impact forces applied thereto in use of the land vehicle to maintain structural integrity of at least some components of the frame structure, and wherein the impact management system includes a crash cage extending in the longitudinal direction from the pair of rails to a forward-most point of the land vehicle,

wherein:

the operator cabin comprises a pair of tracks affixed to a floor of the operator cabin and spaced apart from one another in the longitudinal direction;

the rack is movable along the pair of tracks in a lateral direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between a stowed position, in which the rack is disposed distant from the operator seat, and a delivery position, in which the rack is disposed close to the operator seat; and

the land vehicle has a gross vehicular weight rating (GVWR) of between 10,001 pounds and 14,000 pounds.

12. The land vehicle of claim 11 , further comprising a plurality of electric motors to generate rotational power that are supported by the plurality of wheels, wherein one of the plurality of electric motors is integrated directly into each one of the plurality of wheels.

13. The land vehicle of claim 11 , further comprising a brake system coupled to each one of the plurality of wheels, wherein each brake system includes a disc having a plurality of notches defined between circumferentially adjacent teeth of the disc, a first braking device configured to contact an outer face of the disc to resist rotation of one of the plurality of wheels, a second braking device circumferentially spaced from the first braking device about the disc that is configured to contact the outer face of the disc to resist rotation of the one of the plurality of wheels, and a third braking device configured to contact one or more teeth of the disc to resist rotation of the one of the plurality of wheels.

14. The land vehicle of claim 11 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a pair of upright inner posts each directly affixed to a corresponding one of the pair of rails;

a pair of upright outer posts each spaced from a corresponding one of the pair of upright inner posts in a lateral direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction such that the pair of upright outer posts are located outwardly of the pair of upright inner posts in the lateral direction;

a pair of upper links each extending in the lateral direction from one of the pair of upright inner posts to one of the pair of upright outer posts; and

a base link extending in the lateral direction from one of the pair of upright outer posts to the other of the pair of upright outer posts that is positioned vertically beneath the pair of upper links relative to a support surface on which the land vehicle is positioned.

15. The land vehicle of claim 14 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a first lower beam extending parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction;

a second lower beam spaced from the first lower beam in the lateral direction and extending parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction;

a first crossbar extending in the lateral direction to interconnect the first and second lower beams;

a second crossbar positioned rearward of the first crossbar in the longitudinal direction that extends in the lateral direction to interconnect the first and second lower beams;

a first strut affixed to the first lower beam and the second crossbar such that the first strut is arranged oblique to the first lower beam; and

a second strut affixed to the second lower beam and the second crossbar such that the second strut is arranged oblique to the second lower beam.

16. The land vehicle of claim 15 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a first upper beam extending parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction that is coupled to one of the pair of upright inner posts such that the first upper beam is arranged vertically above the pair of rails;

a second upper beam spaced from the first upper beam in the lateral direction that extends parallel to the pair of rails in the longitudinal direction and is coupled to the other of the pair of upright inner posts such that the second upper beam is arranged vertically above the pair of rails; and

a crash wall interconnecting the first and second upper beams in the lateral direction that is arranged adjacent the forward-most point of the land vehicle.

17. The land vehicle of claim 16 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a first outrigger structure extending from one of the pair of upright outer posts to a first end of the crash wall located adjacent the first upper beam; and

a second outrigger structure extending from the other of the pair of upright outer posts to a second end of the crash wall located adjacent the second upper beam.

18. The land vehicle of claim 17 , wherein the crash cage comprises:

a first reinforcement brace extending outwardly in the lateral direction and upwardly in a vertical direction from the first upper beam to the first outrigger structure; and

a second reinforcement brace extending outwardly in the lateral direction and upwardly in the vertical direction from the second upper beam to the second outrigger structure.

19. A land vehicle comprising:

a frame structure including an operator cage that at least partially defines an operator cabin and a rear compartment positioned rearward of the operator cage in a longitudinal direction, wherein the frame structure includes a pair of rails that each extends in the longitudinal direction;

a plurality of wheels supported by the frame structure; and

an impact management system supported by the frame structure and positioned forward of the operator cage in the longitudinal direction, wherein the impact management system is configured to deform in response to impact forces applied thereto in use of the land vehicle to maintain structural integrity of at least some components of the frame structure, and wherein the impact management system includes a crash cage having

a pair of upright inner posts each directly affixed to a corresponding one of the pair of rails;

a pair of upright outer posts each spaced from a corresponding one of the pair of upright inner posts in a lateral direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction such that the pair of upright outer posts are located outwardly of the pair of upright inner posts in the lateral direction;

a pair of upper links each extending in the lateral direction from one of the pair of upright inner posts to one of the pair of upright outer posts; and

a base link extending in the lateral direction from one of the pair of upright outer posts to the other of the pair of upright outer posts that is positioned vertically beneath the pair of upper links relative to a support surface on which the land vehicle is positioned.