PVDF thin film having a bimodal molecular weight and high piezoelectric response
A mechanically and piezoelectrically anisotropic polymer thin film is formed from a crystallizable polymer and an additive configured to interact with the polymer to facilitate chain alignment and, in some examples, create a higher crystalline content within the polymer thin film. The polymer thin film and its method of manufacture may be characterized by a bimodal molecular weight distribution where the molecular weight of the additive may be less than approximately 5% of the molecular weight of the crystallizable polymer. Example polymers may include vinylidene fluoride, trifluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinyl fluoride. Example additives may occupy up to approximately 60 wt. % of the polymer thin film. The polymer thin film may be characterized by a piezoelectric coefficient (d 31 ) of at least approximately 5 pC/N or an electromechanical coupling factor (k 31 ) of at least approximately 0.1.
1. A polymer thin film, comprising:
a crystalline polymer; and
an additive, wherein the crystalline polymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least approximately 100,000 g/mol, the additive comprises a moiety derived from a monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, trifluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinyl fluoride and has a weight average molecular weight of less than approximately 25,000 g/mol, and the polymer thin film has an electromechanical coupling factor (k 31 ) of at least approximately 0.1.
2. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline polymer is oriented along a predetermined axis.
3. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline polymer comprises a moiety derived from a monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, trifluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinyl fluoride.
4. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises one or more of a lubricant, a nucleation agent, and a piezoelectric ceramic.
5. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the additive contains a non-reactive moiety selected from the group consisting of an ester, ether, hydroxyl, phosphate, fluorine, halogen, and nitrile.
6. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the additive is characterized by a refractive index ranging from approximately 1.38 to approximately 1.46.
7. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the additive comprises from approximately 0.1 to approximately 90 weight percent of the polymer thin film.
8. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the polymer thin film has a thickness ranging from approximately 100 nm to approximately 5 mm and a transmissivity within the visible light spectrum of at least approximately 25%.
9. The polymer thin film of claim 1 , wherein the polymer thin film has a piezoelectric coefficient (d 31 ) of at least approximately 5 pC/N.
10. A polymer thin film, comprising:
a crystalline polymer; and
an additive, wherein the crystalline polymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least approximately 100,000 g/mol, the additive has a weight average molecular weight of less than approximately 25,000 g/mol and comprises a moiety derived from a monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, trifluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinyl fluoride, and the polymer thin film has a piezoelectric coefficient (d 31 ) of at least approximately 5 pC/N.
11. The polymer thin film of claim 10 , wherein the crystalline polymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least approximately 300,000 g/mol.
12. The polymer thin film of claim 10 , wherein the additive has a weight average molecular weight of less than approximately 4,000 g/mol.
13. The polymer thin film of claim 10 , wherein the polymer thin film has an absolute beta ratio of at least approximately 50%.
14. A method comprising:
forming a polymer thin film by mixing a high molecular weight crystallizable polymer having a weight average molecular weight of at least approximately 100,000 g/mol and a low molecular weight additive having a weight average molecular weight of less than approximately 25,000 g/mol; and
producing an in-plane strain in the polymer thin film along a first direction in an amount sufficient to re-orient crystals or align polymer chains within the polymer thin film and form a mechanically and piezoelectrically anisotropic polymer thin film, wherein the low molecular weight additive comprises a moiety derived from a monomer selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, trifluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinyl fluoride, homopolymers thereof, co-polymers thereof, and tri-polymers thereof and the polymer thin film is characterized by a piezoelectric coefficient (d 31 ) of at least approximately 5 pC/N or an electromechanical coupling factor (k 31 ) of at least approximately 0.1.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein forming the polymer thin film comprises extruding or casting a mixture containing the high molecular weight crystallizable polymer and the low molecular weight additive.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein producing the in-plane strain comprises applying a uniaxial stress to the polymer thin film.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein producing the in-plane strain comprises applying a biaxial stress to the polymer thin film.
18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying an electric field to the polymer thin film.
19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising annealing the polymer thin film.