Microscope for imaging samples within wells of multi-well plates hold by stage and beam homogenizer for homogenizing beam
The inventions provide microscopes for imaging samples within wells of multi-well plates. Microscopes of the disclosure include a beam homogenizer system that shapes a beam from a light source into a shape specific to the bottom of a well of a multi-well plate. In particular, microscopes of the disclosure can illuminate wells for imaging by passing light through a prism that is beneath the sample. The light enters the prism from the side and as refracted into the well at a steep angle such that the light only illuminates about a bottom ten microns of the well. The beam homogenizer shapes the light from the light source so that, instead of hitting the prism as a spot with an irregular shape, the light enters the prism in a substantially rectangular pattern with homogeneous optical power level over the pattern.
1. A microscope comprising:
a stage configured to hold a multi-well plate;
a light source for emitting a beam of light mounted within the microscope;
an optical system that directs the beam towards the stage from beneath, wherein the optical system comprises a homogenizer for spatially homogenizing the beam; and
a control system comprising memory connected to a processor operable to move the translational stage to position individual wells of the multi-well plate in the path of the beam.
2. The microscope of claim 1 , wherein the stage comprises a motorized xy translational stage.
3. The microscope of claim 1 , wherein the optical system includes a prism immediately beneath the stage, whereby the beam enters a side of the prism and passes into a well of the plate.
4. The microscope of claim 3 , wherein when a well of the plate containing an aqueous sample is positioned above the prism, the prism directs the beam into the sample at angle that avoids total internal reflection within the bottom of the plate.
5. The microscope of claim 3 , wherein when a well of the plate containing an aqueous sample is positioned above the prism, the prism directs the beam into the aqueous sample at an angle of refraction that restricts light to about the bottom 10 microns of the well.
6. The microscope of claim 1 , comprising at least three light sources for emitting three beams at three distinct wavelengths, wherein the optical system comprises one or more dichroic mirrors to join the three beams in space and pass the three beams through the homogenizer.
7. The microscope of claim 1 , wherein the homogenizer forms the beam into a substantially uniform and rectangular region of illumination.
8. The microscope of claim 1 , wherein the homogenizer comprises at least two microlens arrays.
9. The microscope of claim 1 , wherein the optical system comprises an opaque screen with a plurality of apertures, wherein the screen can be positioned so that the beam passes through one of the apertures.
10. The microscope of claim 9 , wherein the homogenizer comprises two microlens arrays and the optical system comprises a plurality of microlens array position stops at predetermined spacings whereby a distance between the two microlens arrays can be fixed to thereby shape the beam to match each of the apertures.
11. The microscope of claim 1 , further comprising a stimulation light source that emits a stimulation beam, wherein the optical system comprises digital micromirror device (DMD) and the stimulation beam reflects off the DMD to illuminate a bottom of a well of the plate with a pattern defined by the DMD.
12. The microscope of claim 11 , wherein the beam is at an excitation wavelength of a fluorophore, and the stimulation beam is at a second wavelength.
13. The microscope of claim 1 , further comprising an imaging lens beneath the stage to direct light from a sample in a well of the plate onto an image sensor mounted within the microscope.
14. The microscope of claim 13 , wherein the optical system includes a prism immediately beneath the stage, whereby the beam enters a side of the prism and the prism directs the beam into an aqueous sample in a well of the plate at an angle of refraction that restricts light to about the bottom ten microns of the well, the microscope further comprising a stimulation light source that emits a stimulation beam, wherein the optical system comprises digital micromirror device (DMD) and the stimulation beam reflects off the DMD to illuminate a bottom of a well of the plate with a pattern defined by the DMD.
15. A method for imaging a sample, the method comprising:
positioning a multi-well plate on a microscope stage, the plate having at least one cell living on a bottom surface of a well;
obtaining an image of the cell;
processing the image to create a spatial mask identifying areas of the bottom surface occupied by the cell and areas not occupied by the cell;
selectively activating micromirrors of a digital micromirror device (DMD) that subtend the cell using the spatial mask; and
shining light onto the DMD to thereby specifically reflect light onto the areas of the bottom surface occupied by the cell while not reflecting any of the light onto the areas not occupied by the cell.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising
creating a spatial mask for cells in each of a plurality of wells of the multi-well plate;
holding the spatial masks in memory; and
using the spatial masks and DMD to selectively illuminate the cells in the plurality of wells in a serial manner.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the DMD is controlled by a computer comprising a process coupled to a non-transitory memory system, the memory system having the spatial masks stored therein.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the stage comprises a motorized xy translational stage and the computer directs the stage to serially position each of the plurality of wells over an imaging lens of the microscope and activate micromirrors of the DMD according to a spatial mask created uniquely for cells in that well and stored in the memory system.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the cells include neurons and selectively illuminating the cells in the plurality of wells initiates electrical activity in the illuminated cells.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the computer records a movie for each well using an imaging sensor positioned beneath the imaging lens and stores the resulting plurality of movies in the memory system.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the microscope includes a light source and optical system that guides an excitation beam of light each well from beneath at angle that restricts the light to about the bottom ten microns of the well.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the wells contain neurons that express optical reporters of electrical activity, wherein the neurons fluoresce when they fire an action potential.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the movies depict fluorescent activity showing the neurons firing.
24. The method of claim 15 , wherein the light is stimulation light at a wavelength that excites a fluorophore in the cell.
25. The method of claim 15 , wherein the light is activation light at a wavelength that activates a light-gated ion channel in the cell.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the light-gated ion channel is in a pre-synaptic neuron connected to a non-selected cell via a synapse.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the non-selected cell comprises an optical reporter of synaptic activity.
28. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cell expresses a fluorescent protein, and a computer system analyzes a signal from the fluorescent protein to automatically create the spatial mask.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the computer system can automatically create a spatial mask for labeled cells in each of a plurality of wells and hold the spatial masks in memory while the microscope serially illuminates each well using the DMD and the respective spatial mask to create spatially patterned illumination specific to a cell in that well.
30. A method for imaging a sample, the method comprising:
positioning a multi-well plate on a microscope stage, the plate having at least one cell living on a bottom surface of a well, wherein the microscope includes an autofocus system;
obtaining images of the multi-well plate from a plurality of fields of view (FOV);
determining the position of each field of view using the autofocus system;
generating a map of a curvature of the well using a subset of the FOVs; and
obtaining measurements from the cell living on the bottom of the well by interpolating the positions the FOVs between the subset of the FOVs.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the autofocus system is a laser-based autofocus system.
32. The method of claim 31 , where in the method further comprises moving the microscope stage into a first position and shining a laser beam on the well using a laser of the laser-based autofocus system and determining, using the autofocus system, the position of a FOV based on the displacement the laser beam reflecting off the sample.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the well with the sample is moved and the laser beam detected for each FOV.
34. The method of claim 30 , wherein the autofocus system is an image-based autofocus system.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein the method further comprises recording the X, Y coordinates of n wells across the microplate from the subset of FOVs; measuring an image quality metric in the n wells across a series of Z steps; and finding the Z step that provides the highest image quality metric across the n wells.