Ambient contamination in breath analyte detection and measurement
Accurate measurement of breath-borne analyte(s) is disclosed, in which such a measurement can be compared to a background level of the analyte(s) in an ambient air sample. Methods, systems, and devices can include use of this background level for the purposes of detection and/or measurement of an analyte (e.g., THC) in breath samples of for law enforcement, health, and safety applications.
1. A method for evaluating an analyte level in a breath sample, the method comprising:
determining an amount of an analyte captured from a breath sample obtained from a subject;
comparing the determined amount of the analyte captured from the breath sample to a background level for the analyte in an ambient air sample that is obtained at a location and at a time in which the breath sample is obtained from the subject; and
indicating whether or not the determined amount of the analyte captured from the breath sample exceeds the background level;
wherein the background level is correlated with a baseline maximum level of THC in the ambient air sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said comparing comprises:
subtracting the background level from the determined amount of the analyte, to provide a normalized level for the analyte in the breath sample; and
comparing the normalized level to a threshold level.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the analyte is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and wherein the threshold level is correlated with a baseline maximum level of THC in breath associated with consumption of THC outside a window of THC-associated impairment.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the threshold level is correlated with an average amount of THC in breath between 2 and 3 hours after inhalation.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the threshold level is less than 10 pg/L of breath.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to said determining:
eluting the breath sample from a material by using an extraction solution, wherein the material is configured to capture liquid drops or particles from the breath sample.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to said comparing:
determining an amount of the analyte captured from the ambient air sample.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining comprises:
conducting an assay, thereby forming a labeled complex comprising a detectable label; and
measuring a detectable signal arising from the labeled complex, wherein the detectable signal is indicative of a presence or an absence of the analyte in the breath sample and/or an ambient air sample.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said measuring is done in situ in the corresponding reaction channel.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said measuring is done ex situ of the corresponding reaction channel in a separate fluidically-connected channel or chamber on the test cartridge.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining comprises:
exposing the analyte to a detectable label, thereby forming a labeled complex;
capturing the labeled complex with a capture agent to form a captured complex; and
measuring a detectable signal arising from the captured complex, wherein the detectable signal is indicative of a presence or an absence of the analyte in the breath sample and/or the ambient air sample.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyte is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
determining an amount of a second analyte captured from the breath sample obtained from the subject.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the second analyte is ethanol, and both the analyte and the second analyte are measured from the same breath sample.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the background level is from about 0.01-5 pg/L of ambient air.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to said determining: obtaining the breath sample from the subject.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the breath sample is obtained from the subject after exposing the subject to a well-ventilated area for at least 15 minutes.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: drawing a portion of the breath sample exhaled by the subject into a corresponding reaction channel in a test cartridge with negative pressure.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: drawing a portion of the ambient air sample into a corresponding reaction channel in a test cartridge with negative pressure.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the test cartridge of at least one of the breath sample or the ambient air sample comprises a microfluidic device.
21. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: drawing an equal portion of each of (i) the breath sample as drawn into a corresponding reaction channel into a corresponding evidence channel; and (ii) an ambient air sample as drawn into another corresponding reaction channel into another corresponding evidence channel.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein said determining the amount of the analyte captured from the breath sample includes utilizing an immunoassay.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the immunoassay comprises a surface-based antibody-down immunoassay, a surface-based antigen-down immunoassay, a noncompetitive immunoassay, a heterogeneous competitive immunoassay, or a homogeneous competitive immunoassay.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein said indicating comprises a visible and/or audible signal and/or readout on a display associated with a device on which said determining and said comparing is conducted.
25. The method of claim 1 , further comprising wirelessly transmitting data corresponding to one or more of said determining the amount of analyte captured from the breath sample obtained from the subject, said comparing the determined amount of the analyte from the breath sample to a threshold level and the background level in the ambient air sample.
26. A system comprising:
one or more modules, including at least a first module that is configured to perform operations that include:
(a) determining an amount of THC in a breath sample obtained from a subject;
(b) comparing the determined amount of THC from the breath sample to a background level for THC in an ambient air sample that is obtained at a location and at a time in which the breath sample is obtained from the subject; and
(c) indicating whether or not the determined amount of THC captured from the breath sample exceeds the background level;
wherein said comparing comprises:
subtracting the background level from the determined amount of the THC, to provide a normalized level for the THC in the breath sample; and
comparing the normalized level to a threshold level; and
wherein the threshold level is correlated with an average amount of THC in breath between 2 and 3 hours after inhalation, and wherein the background level is correlated with a baseline maximum level of THC in the ambient air at a location and at a time in which the breath sample was obtained from the subject.
27. The system of claim 26 , wherein the background level is correlated with a baseline maximum level of THC the ambient air sample.
28. The system of claim 26 , wherein the one or more modules include a processor-executable software module to perform (a) through (c).
29. The system of claim 28 , wherein the one or more modules include a breath capture module to capture the breath sample.