Modulators

1. A method of treating a condition associated with hyperinsulinemia or excess insulin signaling, comprising administering an antibody that allosterically binds to (i) insulin receptor or (ii) a complex comprising insulin and insulin receptor, or both (i) and (ii), with an equilibrium dissociation constant K D of 10 −5 M or less that is capable of weakening the binding affinity between insulin and insulin receptor by at least about 3-fold, optionally up to 1000-fold in an amount effective to treat hypoglycemia or insulin sensitivity.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, insulinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, insulin overdose, hypoglycemia, nesidioblastosis (KATP-HI Diffuse Disease, KATP-HI Focal Disease, or “PHHI”), GDH-HI (Hyperinsulinism/Hyperammonaemia Syndrome (HI/HA), leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia, or diazoxide-sensitive hypoglycemia), islet cell dysregulation syndrome, idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy, Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy (PHHI), Congenital Hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia due to renal failure (acute or chronic), and hypoglycemia due to chronic kidney disease.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the condition is hypoglycemia.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the condition is congenital hyperinsulinism.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treatment increases fasting blood glucose in a subject.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises

(a) the heavy chain variable region of any of Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 279), Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 241), Ab070 (SEQ ID NO: 258), Ab020 (SEQ ID NO: 155), Ab052 (SEQ ID NO: 228), Ab087 (SEQ ID NO: 169), Ab019 (SEQ ID NO: 160), Ab088 (SEQ ID NO: 153), Ab089 (SEQ ID NO: 154), Ab050 (SEQ ID NO: 226), Ab055 (SEQ ID NO: 231), Ab057 (SEQ ID NO: 233), Ab063 (SEQ ID NO: 244), Ab065 (SEQ ID NO: 246), Ab072 (SEQ ID NO: 260), Ab074 (SEQ ID NO: 262), and the light chain variable region of any of Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 139), Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 103), Ab070 (SEQ ID NO: 119), Ab020 (SEQ ID NO: 8), Ab052 (SEQ ID NO: 89), Ab087 (SEQ ID NO: 18), Ab019 (SEQ ID NO: 1), Ab088 (SEQ ID NO: 2), Ab089 (SEQ ID NO: 4), Ab050 (SEQ ID NO: 87), Ab055 (SEQ ID NO: 92), Ab057 (SEQ ID NO: 94), Ab063 (SEQ ID NO: 105), Ab065 (SEQ ID NO: 107), Ab072 (SEQ ID NO: 121), and Ab074 (SEQ ID NO: 123), or

(b) all six CDRs of any of Ab081 (SEQ ID NO: 279, 139), Ab061 (SEQ ID NO: 241, 103), Ab070 (SEQ ID NO: 258, 119), Ab020 (SEQ ID NO: 155, 8), Ab052 (SEQ ID NO: 228, 89), Ab087 (SEQ ID NOs: 169, 18), Ab019 (SEQ ID NOs: 160, 1), Ab088 (SEQ ID NOs: 153, 2), Ab089 (SEQ ID NOs: 154, 4), Ab050 (SEQ ID NOs: 226, 87), Ab055 (SEQ ID NOs: 231, 92), Ab057 (SEQ ID NOs: 233, 94), Ab063 (SEQ ID NOs: 244, 105), Ab065 (SEQ ID NOs: 246, 107), Ab072 (SEQ ID NOs: 260, 121), and Ab074 (SEQ ID NOs: 262, 123).

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody further comprises a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 heavy chain constant region.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody further comprises a human light chain constant region.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody is a human antibody.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 279, 241, 258, 155, and 228 and a light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 139, 103, 119, 8, and 89.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the variable heavy chain is set out in SEQ ID NO: 279 and the variable light chain is set out in SEQ ID NO: 139.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises three heavy chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NO: 279 and three light chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NO: 139.