Microscopically smooth substrates for lithium metal deposition
Methods are proposed for manufacturing dendrite-resistant lithium metal electrodes suitable for incorporation into lithium metal batteries. In an embodiment, the method involves first electroplating a copper sheet onto a surface of a single crystal of silicon, the silicon being doped to form a p-type or an n-type semiconductor, and then further electroplating the copper sheet with lithium metal. The lithium-electroplated copper sheet thus manufactured provides a lithium electrode that is resistant to dendrite formation during cycling of lithium metal batteries when compared to conventionally manufactured lithium electrodes. Methods are further provided of manufacturing lithium sheets by directly electroplating lithium metal onto single crystals of doped silicon, the lithium sheets configured for incorporation into lithium metal electrodes that are resistant to dendrite formation during cycling of lithium metal batteries.
1. A method of manufacturing a lithium metal electrode comprising:
electroplating a conductive metal onto a surface of a single crystal of silicon, thereby forming a conductive metal substrate,
wherein the conductive metal substrate comprises a first face in contact with the single crystal of silicon, and a second face, disposed opposite the first face, not in contact with the single crystal of silicon, wherein the single crystal of silicon is doped to increase its electronic conductivity; and
electroplating a layer of lithium metal onto the second face of the conductive metal substrate, thereby forming the lithium metal electrode comprising the conductive metal substrate and the layer of lithium metal coated on the second face of the conductive metal substrate, wherein an arithmetic mean roughness of the layer of lithium metal on the second face of the conductive metal substrate is less than 0.5 micrometer (μm).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive metal substrate is lifted from the surface of the single crystal of silicon prior to electroplating the conductive metal substrate with lithium metal, so that the conductive metal substrate is electroplated on both of the first face and the second face with the layer of lithium metal, thereby forming the lithium metal electrode comprising the conductive metal substrate and the layer of lithium metal coated on the first face and the second face of the conductive metal substrate, wherein the arithmetic mean roughness of the deposited layer of lithium metal on the first face of the conductive metal substrate is a value less than 0.5 μm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive metal is chosen from the group consisting of copper, nickel, silver, gold, lead, cadmium, zinc, and tin.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive metal is copper.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive metal is an alloy.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the alloy comprises two or more metals selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Sn.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the alloy is a copper alloy.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the copper alloy comprises one or more precious metals selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the copper alloy comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pb, Sn, Cd, and Zn.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the alloy is a stainless steel.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the stainless steel alloy comprises Fe, Ni, and Cr.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single crystal of silicon is doped to form an n-type semiconductor.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the single crystal of silicon is doped with an element selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single crystal of silicon is doped to form a p-type semiconductor.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the single crystal of silicon is doped with an element selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, Zn, Cd, Hg, and combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layer of lithium metal is electroplated under an inert atmosphere.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the inert atmosphere comprises argon.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layer of lithium metal comprises no more than five parts-per-million (ppm) of non-metallic elements by mass.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the arithmetic mean roughness of the layer of lithium metal is less than 0.2 pm.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the arithmetic mean roughness of the layer of lithium metal is less than 0.1 pm.