Johnson thermo-electrochemical converter
A electrochemical direct heat to electricity converter having a low temperature membrane electrode assembly array and a high temperature membrane electrode assembly array is provided. Additional cells are provided in the low temperature membrane electrode assembly array, which causes an additional amount of the working fluid, namely hydrogen, to be pumped to the high pressure side of the converter. The additional pumped hydrogen compensates for the molecular hydrogen diffusion that occurs through the membranes of the membrane electrode assembly arrays. The MEA cells may be actuated independently by a controller to compensate for hydrogen diffusion.
1. A thermo-electrochemical converter comprising a first membrane electrode assembly array and a second membrane electrode assembly array, each of the first and second membrane electrode assembly (MEA) arrays comprising:
a plurality of porous electrodes;
a working fluid;
a plurality of ion or proton conductive membranes, the porous electrodes being arranged in an alternating sequence with the membranes;
a plurality of conduits containing the working fluid, at least one of the conduits being a high pressure conduit containing the working fluid at a first pressure and at least another one of the conduits being a low pressure conduit containing the working fluid at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure,
wherein the number of porous electrodes and membranes of the first MEA array is greater than the number of porous electrodes and membranes of the second MEA array,
wherein a first porous electrode of any sequential pair of the porous electrodes in each MEA array is coupled to the low pressure conduit for low pressure working fluid flow therethrough and a second porous electrode of the sequential pair of the porous electrodes is coupled to the high pressure conduit for high pressure working fluid flow therethrough, such that each of the membranes is subjected to a pressure differential between the pair of porous electrodes,
wherein, in a first mode of operation of the converter, the working fluid is configured to circulate in the plurality of conduits by flowing through the porous electrodes and membranes of the first MEA array in a first direction from a low pressure side to a high pressure side of the converter and through the porous electrodes and membranes of the second MEA array in a second direction opposite to the first direction from the high pressure side to the low pressure side of the converter, and
wherein the greater number of porous electrodes and membranes of the first MEA array causes an additional amount of the working fluid to be pumped from the low pressure side to the high pressure side of the converter, in order to compensate for a loss of the pressure differential resulting from molecular diffusion of the working fluid through the membranes.
2. The thermo-electrochemical converter according to claim 1 , wherein the porous electrodes of the first MEA array are electrically connected in series with each other so as to produce a higher MEA voltage.
3. The thermo-electrochemical converter according to claim 1 , wherein the working fluid is selected from a group consisting of oxygen, hydrogen and sodium.
4. The thermo-electrochemical converter according to claim 3 , wherein the working fluid is hydrogen.
5. The thermo-electrochemical converter according to claim 1 , further comprising heat exchanger means for transferring heat from the high pressure conduit to the low pressure conduit.
6. The thermo-electrochemical converter according to claim 1 , further comprising a controller which actuates the MEA arrays to pump the additional hydrogen to the high pressure side.