Hierarchical printed product and composition and method for making the same
Disclosed herein are embodiments of a printable composition that can be used to make printed products of a chosen material chemistry that have different levels of porosity within the printed product's structure Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a printed product that has multiple levels of porosity throughout its structure, which can include a macroscale level of porosity, a microscale level of porosity, a nanoscale level of porosity and any combination thereof. These printed products can be made using a 3-D printer and can be made from a single printable composition without the need to add different structural components during the production process. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for making and using a printed product.
1. A method, comprising:
mixing a composition comprising bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzol)-phenylphosphineoxide, 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol, and dimethylformamide with polyethylene glycol diacrylate to form a first mixture;
adding a solution comprising a metal precursor component comprising a combination of silver nitrate and HAuCl 4 and water to the first mixture to form a second mixture;
printing, with the second mixture, a printed intermediate structure comprising a polymer gel by using a 3-D printer or other stereolithographic process to deposit layers of the second mixture and exposing the layers of the second mixture to an energy source to polymerize the polyethylene glycol diacrylate to thereby form the polymer gel;
rinsing the printed intermediate structure with a rinsing solution comprising a porogenic solvent and a stabilizing component;
heating the printed intermediate structure at a temperature and for a time sufficient to promote chemical changes in the metal precursor component and/or to decompose the polymer gel; and
removing decomposed polymer gel from the printed intermediate structure to provide a metal-based printed product.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the decomposed polymer gel from the printed intermediate structure comprises exposing the printed intermediate structure to a flowing inert gas simultaneously with heat.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein heating the printed intermediate structure comprises heating it at a temperature ranging from greater than room temperature to 700° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a reducing agent and/or the method further comprises exposing the printed product to an acid.