State-of-charge balancing in battery management systems for si/li batteries
Systems and methods are provided for state-of-charge balancing in battery management systems for Si/Li batteries. State-of-charge (SOC) of one or more lithium-ion cells may be assessed, and based on the assessing of the SOC, the one or more lithium-ion cells may be controlled. The controlling may include setting or modifying one or more operating parameters of at least one lithium-ion cell, and the controlling may be configured to equilibrate the SOC of the one or more lithium-ion cells or to modify an SOC of at least one lithium-ion cell so that the one or more lithium-ion cells have a balanced SOC.
1. A method for managing a battery pack comprising a plurality of lithium-ion cells, the method comprising:
assessing state-of-charge (SOC) of the plurality of lithium-ion cells; and
controlling, based on the assessing of state-of-charge (SOC), the plurality of lithium-ion cells;
wherein one or more of the plurality of lithium-ion cells are silicon/lithium (Si/Li) cells;
wherein assessing the state-of-charge (SOC) comprises calculating the state-of-charge (SOC) using one or more state-of-charge (SOC) models that account for one or more characteristics that are associated with silicon/lithium (Si/Li) cells;
wherein the one or more characteristics comprise one or both of open circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis and nonlinear time-dependent transition in the OCV during transitions between charge to discharge states; and
wherein the controlling is configured to equilibrate the state-of-charge (SOC) of the plurality of lithium-ion cells, or to modify a state-of-charge (SOC) of an individual lithium-ion cell or groups of lithium-ion cells so that the plurality of lithium-ion cells as a whole has a balanced state-of-charge (SOC).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of lithium-ion cells comprises a silicon-dominant cell comprising a silicon-dominant anode with silicon >50% of active material of the anode.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising configuring at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model based on a physics-based model associated with at least one lithium-ion cell, and wherein the physics-based model comprises information relating to modeling of one or more physical phenomena as factors that affect the SOC.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising configuring at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model based on a machine-learning (ML) model.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising training the machine-learning (ML) model using one or more machine-learning (ML) algorithms.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising training at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising training the at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using training data.
8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising training the at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using an Adam optimizer.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising configuring at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using data related to or acquired during formation of at least one lithium-ion cell or fabrication of one or more components of at least one lithium-ion cell.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising configuring at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using data related to or acquired during operation of at least one lithium-ion cell.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model comprises a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising training at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model until it achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) meeting one or more predefined thresholds.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising training at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model until it achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) and/or an r-squared value meeting one or more predefined thresholds.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the plurality of lithium-ion cells to maintain one or more lithium-ion cells of the plurality of lithium-ion cells within a predefined range of a tracked value at any given point in a life of the battery pack.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the assessing of the state-of-charge (SOC) comprises determining state-of-charge (SOC) prediction for at least one lithium-ion cell of the plurality of lithium-ion cells; and wherein the controlling comprising determining at least one action based on the SOC prediction.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining the state-of-charge (SOC) prediction based on or using one or more of: deviation between a most recent state-of-charge (SOC) calculation and state-of-charge (SOC) measurement, changes to predicted useful life for the at least one lithium-ion cell, and reinforcement learning based modeling.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling comprises setting or modifying one or more operating parameters of an individual lithium-ion cell or groups of lithium-ion cells within the plurality of lithium-ion cells.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the one or more operating parameters comprise current applied to at least one lithium-ion cell, and wherein the controlling comprising setting or adjusting the current based on calculated SOC value associated with the individual lithium-ion cell or the groups of lithium-ion cells, and/or to balance the SOC values of the plurality of lithium-ion cells.
19. A system comprising:
a plurality of lithium-ion cells; and
one or more circuits configured to:
assess state-of-charge (SOC) of the plurality of lithium-ion cells; and
control, based on the assessing of state-of-charge (SOC), the plurality of lithium-ion cells;
wherein one or more of the plurality of lithium-ion cells are silicon/lithium (Si/Li) cells;
wherein assessing the state-of-charge (SOC) comprises calculating the state-of-charge (SOC) using one or more state-of-charge (SOC) models that account for one or more characteristics that are associated with silicon/lithium (Si/Li) cells;
wherein the one or more characteristics comprise one or both of open circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis and nonlinear time-dependent transition in the OCV during transitions between charge to discharge states; and
wherein the controlling is configured to equilibrate the state-of-charge (SOC) of the plurality of lithium-ion cells or to modify a state-of-charge (SOC) of an individual lithium-ion cell or groups of lithium-ion cells so that the plurality of lithium-ion cells as a whole has a balanced state-of-charge (SOC).
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein each of the plurality of lithium-ion cells comprises a silicon-dominant cell comprising a silicon-dominant anode with silicon >50% of active material of the anode.
21. The system of claim 19 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to train at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model.
22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to train the at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using training data.
23. The system of claim 21 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to train the at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using an Adam optimizer.
24. The system of claim 19 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to configure at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using data related to or acquired during formation of at least one lithium-ion cell or fabrication of one or more components of at least one lithium-ion cell.
25. The system of claim 19 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to configure at least one state-of-charge (SOC) model using data related to or acquired during operation of at least one lithium-ion cell.
26. The system of claim 19 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to control the plurality of lithium-ion cells to maintain one or more lithium-ion cells of the plurality of lithium-ion cells within a predefined range of a tracked value at any given point in a life of a battery pack comprising the plurality of lithium-ion cells.
27. The system of claim 19 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to, when assessing the state-of-charge (SOC): determine state-of-charge (SOC) prediction for at least one lithium-ion cell of the plurality of lithium-ion cells, and determine at least one action based on the SOC prediction.
28. The system of claim 27 , wherein the one or more circuits are configured to determine the state-of-charge (SOC) prediction based on or using one or more of: deviation between a most recent state-of-charge (SOC) calculation and state-of-charge (SOC) measurement, changes to predicted useful life for the at least one lithium-ion cell, and reinforcement learning based modeling.
29. The system of claim 19 , wherein the controlling comprises setting or modifying one or more operating parameters of an individual lithium-ion cell or groups of lithium-ion cells within the plurality of lithium-ion cells.
30. The system of claim 29 , wherein the one or more operating parameters comprise current applied to at least one lithium-ion cell, and wherein the one or more circuits are configured to set or adjust the current based on calculated SOC value associated with the at least one lithium-ion cell and/or to balance the SOC values of the plurality of lithium-ion cells.