Anode protection layer
An electrochemical cell assembly comprising: at least one electrochemical cell or cells comprising—a cathode comprising an electrochemically active material, wherein alkali metal is present in the cathode;—an anode comprising a current collector comprising an electronically conducting, inert metal or non-metal; and said anode further comprising a protection layer containing a first layer and a second layer; wherein the first layer comprises a metal and/or non-metal that alloys with an alkali metal and is formed on the current collecting layer, and an second layer deposited on the first layer, wherein the second layer is an ionically conducting layer having an electronic conductivity of less than 10 −5 S cm −1 ; wherein the cell assembly further comprises a means of applying pressure to the at least one electromechanical cell or cells.
1. An electrochemical cell assembly comprising:
at least one electrochemical cell or cells comprising
a cathode comprising an electrochemically active material, wherein alkali metal is present in the cathode;
an anode comprising a current collector comprising an electronically conducting, inert metal or non-metal; and said anode further comprising a protection layer containing a first layer and a second layer; wherein the first layer comprises a metal and/or non-metal that is able to alloy with an alkali metal and is positioned on the current collector, and the second layer is a ceramic layer that is deposited on the first layer, wherein the second layer is an ionically conducting layer having an electronic conductivity of less than 10 −5 S cm −1 ;
wherein the cell assembly is further configured to apply pressure continuously to the at least one electrochemical cell or cells, and
wherein a total amount of alkali metal able to be stored within the first layer is less than 60% of an electrochemical alkali metal storage capacity of the electrochemically active material within the cathode.
2. The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 1 , wherein the cell further comprises an electrolyte.
3. The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte.
4. The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 3 , wherein the liquid electrolyte contains an alkali metal salt at a concentration above 75% of its saturation concentration.
5. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first layer comprises at least one metal or non-metal selected from aluminium, boron, zinc, gallium, indium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, silver, gold, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and mixtures thereof.
6. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first layer has an electronic conductivity of more than 10 −5 S cm −1 .
7. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first layer has a lithium diffusivity, during cycling, of more than 10 −5 S cm −1 .
8. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first layer has an ionic conductivity of greater than 10 −9 S cm −1 .
9. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first layer has a thickness of between 1 nm to 5000 nm.
10. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second layer comprises an oxynitride, sulphide, phosphate, oxide, oxysulfide, thiophosphate, borate, oxyborate, borohydride, silicate, aluminate, or thioaluminate compound, or a combination thereof.
11. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the ceramic material is LiPON.
12. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second layer has an ionic conductivity of greater than 10 −9 S cm −1 .
13. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second layer has a thickness of between 1 nm and 1000 nm.
14. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the means of applying a force comprises a band, wrap or tubing positioned on the outside of the cell.
15. The electronical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the current collector comprises nickel or copper.
16. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the total amount of alkali metal able to be stored within the first layer is less than 30% of the electrochemical alkali metal storage capacity of the electroactive material within the cathode.
17. The electrochemical cell assembly as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the cell or cells are selected from a lithium sulphur cell, sodium sulphur cell, lithium ion cell, sodium ion cell, lithium air cell or sodium air cell.
18. A method of forming an electrochemical cell assembly in accordance with claim 1 , said method comprising the steps of:
a) providing a current collector;
b) contacting at least one metal and/or non-metal that is able to form an alloy with an alkali metal with the current collector to form a continuous first layer;
c) depositing an ionically conducting layer having an electronic conductivity of less than 10 −5 S cm −1 on the surface of the first layer to form a continuous second layer; wherein steps a) to c) form an anode;
d) providing a cathode; wherein steps a) to d) form an electrochemical cell;
e) pressure to at least one cell in accordance with steps a) to d), thereby resulting in the electrochemical cell assembly.
19. The method as claimed in claim 18 , wherein at least one of the first and second layers is formed by physical vapour deposition.