IP Library Granted Patent US 12,319,651
Granted Patent B2
US 12,319,651 · App. 17/604,729 · Granted Jun 3, 2025

Crystalline forms and methods of producing crystalline forms of a compound

Inventors: Lin Zhi (Austin, TX); Henri Sasmor (San Diego, CA)
Assignee: Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
C07D207/08C07B2200/13
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,319,651
App. No.
17/604,729
Granted
Jun 3, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods of crystallizing the compound of Formula (I), as well as crystalline forms thereof. Crystalline forms of Formula (I) disclosed include crystalline Form C, crystalline Form E, and Crystalline form B.

Claims (28)

1. A crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I):

or a solvate thereof,

wherein the crystalline form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least one characteristic peak, wherein said characteristic peak is selected from the group consisting of approximately 8.5, 11.8, 12.4, 13.3, 13.7, 15.0, 17.1, 17.5, 18.2, 18.5, 19.5, 21.1, 21.7, 22.1, 26.6, 23.1, 23.7, 24.8, 25.0, 25.5, 26.2, 27.5, and 29.6 degrees 2θ.

2. The crystalline form of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least three characteristic peaks, wherein said characteristic peaks are selected from the group consisting of 8.5, 13.3, 13.7, 15.0, 17.5, 18.2, 18.5, 19.5, 21.1, 23.1, 23.7, 25.5, and 26.2 degrees 2θ.

3. The crystalline form of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline form has a melting point of about 163° C.

4. A crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I):

or a solvate thereof,

wherein the crystalline form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least one characteristic peak, wherein said characteristic peak is selected from the group consisting of approximately 9.6, 11.7, 13.0, 13.9, 14.2, 15.2, 15.8, 17.5, 19.1, 19.4, 21.2, 21.9, 22.6, 23.3, 23.6, 24.7, 25.3, 25.6, 25.9, 26.9, 28.1, and 29.0 degrees 2θ.

5. The crystalline form of claim 4 , wherein the crystalline form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least three characteristic peaks, wherein said characteristic peaks are selected from the group consisting of 9.6, 11.7, 13.0, 13.9, 15.8, 17.5, 19.1, 19.4, 21.2, 21.9, 22.6, 23.3, 23.6, 25.3, and 25.6 degrees 2θ.

6. The crystalline form of claim 4 , wherein the crystalline form has a melting point of about 162° C.

7. A crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I):

or a solvate thereof,

wherein the crystalline form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least one characteristic peak, wherein said characteristic peak is selected from the group consisting of approximately 9.0, 10.3, 11.7, 12.7, 13.3, 14.0, 14.8, 16.0, 17.1, 17.6, 19.2, 19.8, 21.3, 21.9, 22.6, 23.4, 23.7, 24.6, 25.4, 25.7, 26.2, 27.4, 28.3, and 29.2 degrees 2θ.

8. The crystalline form of claim 7 , wherein the crystalline form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising at least three characteristic peaks, wherein said characteristic peaks are selected from the group consisting of 9.0, 10.3, 11.7, 12.7, 13.3, 16.0, 17.6, 21.3, 21.9, 22.6, 24.6, and 26.2 degrees 2θ.

9. The crystalline form of claim 7 , wherein the crystalline form has a melting point of about 162° C.

10. The crystalline form of claim 1 , wherein the crystalline form is unsolvated.

11. A composition comprising the crystalline form of claim 1 , wherein the total weight of the compound of Formula (I) in the composition comprises greater than 80% by weight of the crystalline form.

12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the crystalline form is crystalline Form C.

13. A method of treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the crystalline form of claim 1 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: aging skin; Alzheimer's disease; anemias; anorexia; arthritis; arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis; bone disease; distraction osteogenesis; reduced bone mass, density or growth; bone weakening; musculoskeletal impairment; cachexia; cancer; cardiac dysfunction; catabolic side effects of glucocorticoids; Crohn's disease; growth retardation in connection with Crohn's disease; short bowel syndrome; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; ulcerative colitis; cognitive decline and impairment; dementia; short term memory loss; contraception (male and female); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); chronic bronchitis; decreased pulmonary function; emphysema; decreased libido in both men and women; depression; nervousness, irritability and/or stress; reduced mental energy and low self-esteem; dyslipidemia; erectile dysfunction; frailty; age-related functional decline (“ARFD”) in the elderly; growth hormone deficiency; hematopoietic disorders; hormone replacement (male and female); hyper-cholesterolemia; hyperinsulinemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; hyperandrogenemia; hypogonadism; hypothermia; impotence; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes; lipodystrophy; male menopause; metabolic syndrome (syndrome X); loss of muscle strength and/or function; muscular dystrophies; muscle loss following surgery; muscular atrophy; neurodegenerative diseases; neuromuscular disease; decreased platelet count; platelet aggregation disorders; obesity; osteoporosis; osteopenia; glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; osteochondro-dysplasias; periodontal disease; premenstrual syndrome; postmenopausal symptoms in women; Reaven's syndrome; rheumatological disease; sarcopenia; male and female sexual dysfunction; physiological short stature; tooth damage; thrombocytopenia; vaginal dryness; atrophic vaginitis; ventricular dysfunction; and wasting.

14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: loss of muscle strength and/or function; muscular dystrophies; muscle loss following surgery; and muscular atrophy.

15. A composition comprising a crystalline form of claim 4 , wherein the total weight of the compound of Formula (I) in the composition comprises greater than 80% by weight of the crystalline form.

16. The composition of claim 15 , wherein the crystalline form is crystalline Form E.

17. A method of treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the crystalline form of claim 4 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: aging skin; Alzheimer's disease; anemias; anorexia; arthritis; arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis; bone disease; distraction osteogenesis; reduced bone mass, density or growth; bone weakening; musculoskeletal impairment; cachexia; cancer; cardiac dysfunction; catabolic side effects of glucocorticoids; Crohn's disease; growth retardation in connection with Crohn's disease; short bowel syndrome; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; ulcerative colitis; cognitive decline and impairment; dementia; short term memory loss; contraception (male and female); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); chronic bronchitis; decreased pulmonary function; emphysema; decreased libido in both men and women; depression; nervousness, irritability and/or stress; reduced mental energy and low self-esteem; dyslipidemia; erectile dysfunction; frailty; age-related functional decline (“ARFD”) in the elderly; growth hormone deficiency; hematopoietic disorders; hormone replacement (male and female); hyper-cholesterolemia; hyperinsulinemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; hyperandrogenemia; hypogonadism; hypothermia; impotence; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes; lipodystrophy; male menopause; metabolic syndrome (syndrome X); loss of muscle strength and/or function; muscular dystrophies; muscle loss following surgery; muscular atrophy; neurodegenerative diseases; neuromuscular disease; decreased platelet count; platelet aggregation disorders; obesity; osteoporosis; osteopenia; glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; osteochondro-dysplasias; periodontal disease; premenstrual syndrome; postmenopausal symptoms in women; Reaven's syndrome; rheumatological disease; sarcopenia; male and female sexual dysfunction; physiological short stature; tooth damage; thrombocytopenia; vaginal dryness; atrophic vaginitis; ventricular dysfunction; and wasting.

18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: loss of muscle strength and/or function; muscular dystrophies; muscle loss following surgery; and muscular atrophy.

19. A composition comprising a crystalline form of claim 7 , wherein the total weight of the compound of Formula (I) in the composition comprises greater than 80% by weight of the crystalline form.

20. The composition of claim 19 , wherein the crystalline form is crystalline Form B.

21. A method of treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the crystalline form of claim 7 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: aging skin; Alzheimer's disease; anemias; anorexia; arthritis; arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis; bone disease; distraction osteogenesis; reduced bone mass, density or growth; bone weakening; musculoskeletal impairment; cachexia; cancer; cardiac dysfunction; catabolic side effects of glucocorticoids; Crohn's disease; growth retardation in connection with Crohn's disease; short bowel syndrome; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; ulcerative colitis; cognitive decline and impairment; dementia; short term memory loss; contraception (male and female); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); chronic bronchitis; decreased pulmonary function; emphysema; decreased libido in both men and women; depression; nervousness, irritability and/or stress; reduced mental energy and low self-esteem; dyslipidemia; erectile dysfunction; frailty; age-related functional decline (“ARFD”) in the elderly; growth hormone deficiency; hematopoietic disorders; hormone replacement (male and female); hyper-cholesterolemia; hyperinsulinemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; hyperandrogenemia; hypogonadism; hypothermia; impotence; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes; lipodystrophy; male menopause; metabolic syndrome (syndrome X); loss of muscle strength and/or function; muscular dystrophies; muscle loss following surgery; muscular atrophy; neurodegenerative diseases; neuromuscular disease; decreased platelet count; platelet aggregation disorders; obesity; osteoporosis; osteopenia; glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; osteochondro-dysplasias; periodontal disease; premenstrual syndrome; postmenopausal symptoms in women; Reaven's syndrome; rheumatological disease; sarcopenia; male and female sexual dysfunction; physiological short stature; tooth damage; thrombocytopenia; vaginal dryness; atrophic vaginitis; ventricular dysfunction; and wasting.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: loss of muscle strength and/or function; muscular dystrophies; muscle loss following surgery; and muscular atrophy.

Assignments (3)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 14, 2025
From: ZHI, LIN; SASMOR, HENRI
To: LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
Reel/Frame 072023/0979 →
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Oct 18, 2023
From: CYDEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED; METABASIS THERAPEUTICS, INC.; PFENEX INC.
To: CITIBANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Reel/Frame 065271/0025 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Sep 30, 2022
From: ZHI, LIN; SASMOR, HENRI
To: LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
Reel/Frame 061277/0280 →
Continuity (2)
Provisional Application 62836517 · Apr 19, 2019
Related Publication 20220204448A1 · Jun 30, 2022
References Cited (400)
US 3710795A · Higuchi et al. · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 3847988A · Gold · 1974 [cited by applicant]
US RE28819E · Thompson · 1976 [cited by applicant]
US 4044126A · Cook et al. · 1977 [cited by applicant]
US 4097578A · Perronnet et al. · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4202895A · Inaba et al. · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4231938A · Monaghan et al. · 1980 [cited by applicant]
US 4294926A · Monaghan et al. · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4319039A · Albers-Schonberg · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4328245A · Yu et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4346227A · Terahara et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4358603A · Yu · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4364923A · Cook et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4409239A · Yu · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4410545A · Yu et al. · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4410629A · Terahara et al. · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4414209A · Cook et al. · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 4444784A · Hoffman et al. · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4522811A · Eppstein et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4537859A · Terahara et al. · 1985 [cited by applicant]
US 4636505A · Tucker · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4681893A · Roth · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4729999A · Young · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4761406A · Flora et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4782084A · Vyas et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4820850A · Verhoeven et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4876248A · Breliere et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4885314A · Vyas et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4894373A · Young · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4911165A · Lennard et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4916239A · Treiber · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4927814A · Gall et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4929437A · Tobert · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4970335A · Isomura et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4981784A · Evans et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5030447A · Joshi et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5033252A · Carter · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5052558A · Carter · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5071773A · Evans et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5118853A · Lee et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5177080A · Angerbauer et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5180589A · Joshi et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5189164A · Kapa et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5204350A · Egbertson et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5217994A · Egbertson et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5273995A · Roth · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5278034A · Ohki et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5290946A · Lee et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5323907A · Kalvelage · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5342952A · Butler et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5354772A · Kathawala · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5356896A · Kabadi et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5393763A · Black et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5489961A · Butler et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5501969A · Hastings et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5506102A · McDonnell · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5510517A · Dauer et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5576324A · Kyotani et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5639754A · Heeres et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5648491A · Dauer et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5677336A · Jones et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5688808A · Jones et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5688810A · Jones et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5693646A · Jones et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5696130A · Jones et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5696133A · Jones et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5710159A · Voss et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5723480A · Gante et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5736357A · Bromme et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5741796A · Hartman et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5760028A · Jadhav et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5773644A · Chen et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5773646A · Chandrakumar et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5780426A · Palladino et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5843906A · Chandrakumar et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5852210A · Chen et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5919792A · Duggan et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5925655A · Duggan et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5929120A · Hartman et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5952281A · Mondin et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5952341A · Duggan et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5981546A · Duggan et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6008213A · Bondinell et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6017924A · Edwards et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6017925A · Duggan · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6017926A · Askew et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6028223A · Ruminski et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6040311A · Duggan et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6048861A · Askew et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6066648A · Duggan et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6069158A · Miller et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6159964A · Ali et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6358947B1 · Zhi et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6380207B2 · Coghlan et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6437167B1 · Sunjic et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6444642B1 · Sklar et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6462038B1 · Higuchi et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6489333B2 · Pitts et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6492554B2 · Dalton et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6506766B1 · Coghlan et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6534516B1 · Edwards et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6566372B1 · Zhi et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6569896B2 · Dalton et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6596298B2 · Leung et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6622729B1 · Peyman · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6630128B1 · Love et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6667313B1 · Hamann et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6670386B2 · Sun et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6673799B1 · Taniguchi et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6696459B1 · Jones et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6710066B2 · Kennedy et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6723750B2 · Voet · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6777427B2 · Miyakawa et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6784190B2 · Askew et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6806284B1 · Moser · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6838484B2 · Steiner et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6845378B1 · Pauly et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6899888B2 · Steiner et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6960474B2 · Salvati et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6964973B2 · Zhi et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6995284B2 · Dalton et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 6998500B2 · Dalton et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7011812B1 · Griffiths · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7012075B2 · Prasit et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7018395B2 · Chen · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7018993B2 · Ohta · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7022870B2 · Dalton et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7026484B2 · Zhi et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7026500B2 · Dalton · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7037888B1 · Sklar et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7037919B1 · Hanada et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7053263B2 · Sawyers et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7056909B2 · Wang · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7067116B1 · Bess et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7074930B2 · Wells et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7112589B2 · Altmann et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7138426B2 · DiNinno et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7151196B2 · Wilkening et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7153862B2 · Askew et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7157604B2 · Meng et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7169772B2 · Koshio et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7182964B2 · Kupper et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7186838B2 · Meissner et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7196076B2 · Coleman et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7205437B2 · Dalton et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7214690B2 · Higuchi et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7214693B2 · Dalton et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7214804B2 · Zhai et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7217720B2 · Meissner et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7220736B2 · Yamada et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7241411B2 · Berry · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7241753B2 · Loria · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7253210B2 · Dalton et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7268153B2 · Hanney et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7268232B2 · Schlienger et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7279472B2 · Emmanuel et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7279478B2 · Boyd et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7288553B2 · Lanter et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7291673B2 · Hubbell et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7301026B2 · Tan et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7649001B2 · Shiraishi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7696246B2 · Zhi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7727980B2 · Zhi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7816372B2 · Zhi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 8354446B2 · Zhi · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8519158B2 · Zhi et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8748063B2 · Zhi · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8748633B2 · Zhi · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8865918B2 · Zhi et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9139520B2 · Zhi · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9359285B2 · Zhi et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9675583B2 · Zhi · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10106500B2 · Zhi · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10730831B2 · Zhi · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 11358931B2 · Zhi · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20020022621A1 · Chaturvedula et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020025955A1 · Han et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020183314A1 · Higuchi et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020183346A1 · Zhi et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030055094A1 · Sun et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030114496A1 · Churcher et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030130505A1 · Zhi et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030149268A1 · Hamann et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030186970A1 · Higuchi et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030212070A1 · Schwink et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20050288350A1 · Zhi et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060111441A1 · Dalton et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070066650A1 · Zhi et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070293528A9 · Zhi et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080300241A9 · Higuchi et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090203725A1 · Van Oeveren et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090227571A1 · Loren et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090264455A9 · Pedram et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100069379A1 · Zhi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100152236A1 · Yamamoto et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100210678A1 · Zhi et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20120004220A9 · Zhi · 2012 [cited by applicant]
CL 32372005 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
CL 17092007 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
EP 0638571 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
EP 0711768 · 1996 [cited by applicant]
EP 1122242 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
EP 0800519 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
EP 2222636 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 2489656 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
GB 1177545 · 1970 [cited by applicant]
JP 2002088073A · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9511215 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
WO WO95031722 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
WO WO96019458 · 1996 [cited by applicant]
WO WO97049709 · 1997 [cited by applicant]
WO WO98022432 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9828268 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9967221 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0007995 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0038618 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0044777 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0050391 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0061186 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO00066590 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0102235 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0116108 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO01016133 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO01016139 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0119797 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO01027086 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0127091 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO01027107 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0127108 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0134571 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0134639 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0149288 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0153255 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0160826 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0166564 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0170677 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0174783 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0174784 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0174796 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0177073 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0177086 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0177144 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0183460 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0190084 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0192235 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0216310 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02022585 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0230912 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0236555 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0247671 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02057252 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02066475 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02068427 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02081433 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO02081435 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03011824 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03018543 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03037905 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03042181 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03049675 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03090672 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO04016576 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO05000795 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO05090282 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO05108351 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO06064944 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO06124447 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO06138347 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO07015567 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO07075884 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO07145349 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2009082437A2 · 2009 [cited by examiner]
WO WO09082437 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO WO15108988 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO20214834 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
Abdallah et al. STN Accession No. 1983:611894 Document No. 99:211894, Abstract of Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2: Physical Organic Chemistry (1972-1999) (1983),(8):1243-9. [cited by applicant]
Abela Medici et al., “Cytotoxic compounds. Part 21. Chloro-, methoxy-, and methoxycarbonylderivatives of (bis-2-chloroethylamino)-phenols and -anilines,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, Organic a… [cited by applicant]
Adams et al., “Time course of myosin heavy chain transitions in neonatal rats: importance of innervation and thyroid state,” Am. J. Physiol. 276(4 Pt 2): R954-961 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Adesanya et al., “Sex steroid induced changes on the morphology of prostate of sprague-dawley rats,” Sci. Res. Essays 2(8):309-314 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Allan et al. “A selective androgen receptor modulator with minimal prostate hypertrophic activity enhances lean body mass in male rats and stimulates sexual behavior in female rats,” Endocrine 32(1):41-51 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Allegretto et al., “Transactivation properties of retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors in mammalian cells and yeast. Correlation with hormone binding and effects of metabolism,” J. Biol. Chem. 268(35):26625-26633 (199… [cited by applicant]
American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Sexual Dysfunction—Patient's Fact Sheet,” 1 page (1998). [cited by applicant]
Ames et al., “Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the [cited by applicant]
Anderson et al., “Androgen supplementation in eugonadal men with osteoporosis-effects of 6 months of treatment on bone mineral density and cardiovascular risk factors,” Bone 18(2):171-177 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Anlezark et al., “Bioactivation of dinitrobenzamide mustards by an [cited by applicant]
Anastasiou et al. STN Accession No. 1994:605178, Document No. 121:205178, Abstract of Australian Journal of Chemistry (1994), 47(6), 1043-59. *. [cited by applicant]
Ansel, H.C., Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Fourth Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, P.A., p. 126, (1985). [cited by applicant]
Antonio et al., “Effects of castration and androgen treatment on androgen-receptor levels in rat skeletal muscles,” J. Appl. Physiol. 87(6):2016-2019 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Arlt, “Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency,” N. Engl. J. Med. 341(14):1013-1020 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Arlt, W., “Androgen therapy in women,” Eur. J. Endocrinol. 154(1):1-11 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Arriza et al., “Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor,” Science 237(4812):268-275 (1987). [cited by applicant]
Ashby et al., “The peripubertal male rat assay as an alternative to the Hershberger castrated male rat assay for the detection of anti-androgens, oestrogens and metabolic modulators,” J. Appl. Tox. 20(1):35-47 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Bains and Tacke, “Silicon chemistry as a novel source of chemical diversity in drug design,” Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development, 6(4):526-543, (2003). [cited by applicant]
Balbach, et al., “Pharmaceutical evaluation of early development candidates ‘The 100 mg-Approach,’” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 275 (2004) 1-12. [cited by applicant]
Bandeen-Roche et al., “Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the women's health and aging studies,” J. Gerontol. A: Biol. 61A(3):262-266 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Beers et al., Eds., “Chapter 52: Osteoarthritis and neurogenic arthropathy,” in Merck Manual, 17th Edition, pp. 449-452 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Behre et al., “Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82(8):2386-2390 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Bellido et al., “Regulation of interleukin-6, osteoclastogenesis, and bone mass by androgens. The role of the androgen receptor,” J. Clin. Invest. 95(6):2886-2895 (1995). [cited by applicant]
Ben-Av et al., “Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in synovial fibroblasts by prostaglandin E and interleukin-1: a potential mechanism for inflammatory angiogenesis,” FEBS Lett. 372(1):83-87 (199… [cited by applicant]
Benezra et al., “In vivo angiogenic activity of interleukins,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 108:573-576 (1990). [cited by applicant]
Bentel et al., “Androgen receptor expression in primary prostate cancers of Lobund-Wistar rats and in tumor-derived cell lines,” In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 35(10):655-662 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Beresford et al., “Formation of mineralized nodules by bone derived cells in vitro: a model of bone formation?” 45(2):163-178 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. 66(1):1-19 (1977). [cited by applicant]
Berger et al., “Interaction of glucocorticoid analogues with the human glucocorticoid receptor,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41:733-748, (1992). [cited by applicant]
Berrevoets et al. Selective modulation of androgen receptor function, 12th International Congress of Endocrinology, 2004, p. 43-48. [cited by applicant]
Bhasin et al., “Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82(2):407-413 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Bhasin et al., “Drug Insight: testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators as anabolic therapies for chronic illness and aging,” Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrin. Metabol. 2(3):146-159 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Bhasin et al., “Proof of the effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle,” J. Endocrinol. 170(1):27-38 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Bhasin et al., “The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men,” N. Engl. J. Med. 335(1):1-7 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Bijlsma et al., “Estrogens and rheumatoid arthritis,” Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 28(3-4):231-234 (1992). [cited by applicant]
Bissonnette et al., “9-cis Retinoic acid inhibition of activation-induced apoptosis is mediated via regulation of Fas ligand and requires retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor activation,” Mol. Cell Biol. 15(10… [cited by applicant]
Boehm et al., “Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel retinoid X receptor-selective retinoids,” J. Med. Chem. 37(18):2930-2941 (1994). [cited by applicant]
Boudou et al., “Effect of oral isotretinoin treatment on skin androgen receptor levels in male acneic patients,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 80(4):1158-1161 (1995). [cited by applicant]
Bouma et al., “Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, plasma procarboxypeptidase B, procarboxypeptidase R, procarboxypeptidase U,” Thromb. Res. 101(5):329-354 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Box et al., “Correcting inhomogeneity of variance with power transformation weighting,” Technometrics 16:385-389 (1974). [cited by applicant]
Box, G. and D. Cox, “An analysis of transformations,” J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B 26:211-252 (1964). [cited by applicant]
Braga, Dario, “Crystal Polymorphism and Multiple Crystal Forms,” Struct Bond (2009) 132:25-50. [cited by applicant]
Brady et al., “Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception,” Hum. Reprod. 19(11):2658-2667 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Brittain, et al., “Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids,” 1999 ISBN: 0-8247-0237-9, pp. 235-238 paragraph 2, p. 236. [cited by applicant]
Broulik, P. and L. Starka, “Effect of antiandrogens casodex and epitestosterone on bone composition in mice,” Bone 20(5):473-475 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Brower, V., “Tumor angiogenesis: new drugs on the block,” Nature Biotechnol. 17(10):963-968 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Brown, T., “Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): designer androgens with flexible structures provide clinical promise,” Endocrinol. 145(12):5417-5419 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Buhler et al., “Intermittent androgen suppression in the LuCaP 23.12 prostate cancer xenograft model,” The Prostate 43(1):63-70 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Buijsman et al., “Non-steroidal steroid receptor modulators,” Curr. Med. Chem. 12(9):1017-1075 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Bundgaard et al., “A novel solution-stable, water-soluble prodrug type for drugs containing a hydroxyl or an NH-acidic group,” J. Med. Chem. 32(12):2503-2507 (1989). [cited by applicant]
Cadilla et al., “Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential,” Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 6(3):245-270 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Caira, “Crystalline Polymorphism of Organic Compounds,” Topicvs in Current Chemistry, Springer, Berlin, DE (19980101), vol. 198, ISSN 0340-1022, pp. 163-208, 1998. [cited by applicant]
Carmina, “Ovarian and andrenal hyperandrogenism,” Ann NY Acad Sci (2006) 1092:130-137. [cited by applicant]
Carnahan, R. and P. Perry, “Depression in aging men: the role of testosterone,” Drugs Aging 21(6):361-376 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Cesario et al., “The rexinoid LG100754 is a novel RXR:PPARgamma agonist and decreases glucose levels in vivo,” Mol. Endocrinol. 15(8):1360-1369 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Chakraborty et al., “Developmental expression of the cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxegenase-2 genes in the peri-implantation mouse uterus and their differential regulation by the blastocyst and ovarian steroids,” J. Mol.… [cited by applicant]
Chan, S., “A review of selective estrogen receptor modulators in the treatment of breast and endometrial cancer,” Semin Oncol. 29(3 Suppl 11):129-133 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) for hormonal male contraception,” JPET Fast Forward, JPET #75424, 46 pages (2004). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “A selective androgen receptor modulator for hormonal male contraception,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312(2):546-553 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “Androgen-dependent and -independent human prostate xenograft tumors as models for drug activity evaluation,” Cancer Res. 58(13):2777-2783 (1998). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “Discovery and therapeutic promise of selective androgen receptor modulators,” Mol. Interv. 5(3):173-188 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “Testosterone inhibits osteoclast formation stimulated by parathyroid hormone through androgen receptor,” FEBS Lett. 491(1-2):91-93 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Cheng, Y. and W. Prusoff, “Relationship between the inhibition constant (K1) and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 per cent inhibition (150) of an enzymatic reaction,” Biochem. Pharmacol. 22(23):3099-3108 (… [cited by applicant]
Chiarugi et al., “Cox-2, iNOS and p53 as play-makers of tumor angiogenesis (review),” Int. J. Mol. Med. 2(6):715-719 (1998). [cited by applicant]
Chung, L., “LNCaP human prostate cancer progression model,” Urol. Oncol. 2(4):126-128 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Corbould, A., “Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women,” J. Endocrinol. 192(3):585-594 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Coxam et al., “Effects of dihydrotestosterone alone and combined with estrogen on bone mineral density, bone growth, and formation rates in ovariectomized rats,” Bone 19(2):107-114 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Craft et al., “Evidence for clonal outgrowth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells from androgen-dependent tumors through a two-step process,” Cancer Res. 59(19):5030-5036 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Cutolo et al., “Androgens and estrogens modulate the immune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis,” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 966:131-142 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Cutolo, M., “Sex hormone adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis,” Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 26(4):881-895 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Dalton et al. Drug Delivery Technology, Sep. 2004, 4(7), 54-60. *. [cited by applicant]
Davis, S., “Androgen replacement in women: a commentary,” Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:1886-1891 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Deaton, D. and F. Tavares, “Design of cathepsin K inhibitors for osteoporosis,” Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 5(16):1639-1675 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Dei et al., “Synthesis and cholinergic affinity of diastereomeric and enantiomeric isomers of 1-methyl-2-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-y1)-pyrrolidine, 1-methy1-2-(2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine and of their iodome… [cited by applicant]
Deplewski et al., “Preputial sebocyte 5-reductase isoform specificity,” Endocrinol. 138(10):4416-4420 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Devogelaer et al., “Low bone mass in hypogonadal males. Effect of testosterone substitution therapy, a densitometric study,” Maturitas 15(1):17-23 (1992). [cited by applicant]
Dorwald F. A. (Side Reactions in Organic Synthesis, 2005, Wiley: VCH, Weinheim p. IX of Preface p. 1-15). [cited by applicant]
Eagleson et al., “Polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.… [cited by applicant]
Edwards et al., “Nonsteroidal androgen receptor agonists based on 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-pyrano[3,2-g]quinolin-2-one,” Bioorganic Medicine and Chemistry Letters, 9(7):1003-1008, (1999). [cited by applicant]
Edwards et al., “New nonsteroidal androgen receptor modulators based on 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2(1H)-pyrrolidino[3,2-g]quinolinone,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8:745-750 (1998). [cited by applicant]
Eisenberg, E. and G. Gordan, “The levator ani muscle of the rat as an index of myotrophic activity of steroidal hormones,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 99(1):38-44 (1950). [cited by applicant]
Elslager et al., “Folate antagonists. 3. 2,4-Diamino-6-(heterocyclic)quinazolines, a novel class of antimetabolites with potent antimalarial and antibacterial activity,” J. Med. Chem. 15(8):827-836 (1972). [cited by applicant]
Etreby et al., “Antitumor activity of mifepristone in the human LNCaP, LNCaP-C4, and LNCaP-C4-2 prostate cancer models in nude mice,” The Prostate 42(2): 99-106 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Evans et al., “The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily,” Science, 240:889-895, (1988). [cited by applicant]
Evans et al., “Ostarine increases lean body mass and improves physical performance in healthy elderly subjects: Implications for cancer cachexia patients,” J. Clin. Oncol., 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Mee… [cited by applicant]
Fernandez et al., “Neovascularization produced by angiotensin II,” J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105(2):141-145 (1985). [cited by applicant]
Ferrando et al., “Testosterone administration to older men improves muscle function: molecular and physiological mechanisms,” Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol. 282(3):E601-E607 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Fine, S., “Erectile dysfunction and comorbid diseases, androgen deficiency, and diminished libido in men,” J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 104(1 Supplement 1):S9-S15 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Fingl et al., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ch. 1, Eds. Goodman and Gilman, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., pp. 1-46, (1975). [cited by applicant]
Finkelstein et al., “Increases in bone density during treatment of men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 69(4):776-783 (1989). [cited by applicant]
Food and Drug Administration, “International conference on harmonization; guidance on specific aspects of regulatory genotoxicity tests for pharmaceuticals; availability; notice,” Federal Register 61(80):18198-18202 (Ap… [cited by applicant]
Food and Drug Administration, “International conference on harmonization; draft guideline on genotoxicity: a standard battery for genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals; notice,” Federal Register 62(64):16026-16030 (Ap… [cited by applicant]
Forman et al., “Identification of a nuclear receptor that is activated by farnesol metabolites,” Cell 81(5):687-693 (1995). [cited by applicant]
Fujisaki et al., “Halogenation using N-halogenocompounds. I. Effect of amines on ortho bromination of phenols with NBS,” Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 66:1576-1579 (1993). [cited by applicant]
Fuller et al., “Androgens in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease in aging men and possible therapeutic interventions,” J. Alzheimers Dis. 12(2):129-142 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Furr, “The development of Casodex (bicalutamide): preclinical studies,” Eur. Urol. 29:83-95 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Furr, B. and H. Tucker, “The preclinical development of bicalutamide: pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action,” Urology 47 (Suppl. 1A): 13-25 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Galloway et al., “Report from working group on in vitro tests for chromosomal aberrations,” Mutat. Res. 312(3):241-261 (1994). [cited by applicant]
Gao et al., “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligands,” Pharm. Res. 23(8):1641-1658 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Gao et al., “Selective androgen receptor modulator treatment improves muscle strength and body composition and prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats,” Endocrinol. 146(11):4887-4897 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Gao, W. and J. Dalton, “Expanding the therapeutic use of androgens via selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs),” Drug Discov. Today 12(5-6):241-248 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Gerdes et al., “Transforming growth factor-betal induces nuclear to cytoplasmic distribution of androgen receptor and inhibits androgen response in prostate smooth muscle cells,” Endocrinol. 139(8):3569-3577 (1998). [cited by applicant]
Ghosh et al., “A global model to define the behavior of partial agonists (bell-shaped dose-response inducers) in pharmacological evaluation of activity in the presence of the full agonist,” J. Biopharm. Stat. 8(4):645-6… [cited by applicant]
Giguere et al., “Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor,” Cell 46:645-652 (1986). [cited by applicant]
Goldstein et al., “A pharmacological review of selective oestrogen receptor modulators,” Hum. Reprod. Update 6(3):212-224 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Gonzalez-Cadavid et al., “Up-regulation of the levels of androgen receptor and its mRNA by androgens in smooth-muscle cells from rat penis,” Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 90(2):219-229 (1993). [cited by applicant]
Gooren et al., “Recent insights into androgen action on the anatomical and physiological substrate of penile erection,” Asian J. Androl. 8(1):3-9 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Gouras et al., “Testosterone reduces neuronal secretion of Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptides,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97(3):1202-1205 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Gowen et al., “Antagonizing the parathyroid calcium receptor stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and bone formation in osteopenic rats,” J. Clin. Invest. 105(11):1595-1604 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Gravatt et al., “DNA-directed alkylating agents. 6. Synthesis and antitumor activity of DNA minor groove-targeted aniline mustard analogues of pibenzimol (Hoechst 33258),” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 37:4338-4345, (1… [cited by applicant]
Green et al., “Mutagen testing using TRP+ reversion in [cited by applicant]
Gregory, et al., “Androgen Receptor Stabilization in Recurrent Prostate Cancer is Associated with Hypersensitivity to Low Androgen,” Cancer Research (2001) 61:2892-2898. [cited by applicant]
Hamann et al., “Synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of nonsteroidal, peripherally selective androgen receptor antagonists derived from 1,2-dihydropyridono[5,6-g]quinolines,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistr… [cited by applicant]
Hammond et al., “Testosterone-mediated neuroprotection through the androgen receptor in human primary neurons,” J. Neurochem. 77(5):1319-1326 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Hannon, R. and R. Eastell, “Bone markers and current laboratory assays,” Cancer Treat. Rev. 32(Suppl 1):7-14 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Harada et al., “Expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in osteoblasts,” Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 313:76-80 (1995). [cited by applicant]
Harris et al., “Nilutamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer,” Drugs and Aging 3:9-25 (1993). [cited by applicant]
Harris, K. and E. Small, “Hormonal treatment for prostate cancer,” Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 10(3):493-510 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Hasselgren et al., “Muscle wasting: current progress and future aims,” Intl. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37:1932 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Harrowven et al., “A new cascade radical reaction for the synthesis of biaryls and triaryls from benzyl iodoaryl ethers,” Tet. Lett. 42:961-964 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Hershberger et al., “Myotrophic activity of 19-nortestosterone and other steroids determined by modified levator ani muscle method,” Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 83:175-178 (1953). [cited by applicant]
Higuchi et al., “4-Alkyl- and 3,4-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-pyridono[5,6-g]quinolines potent, nonsteroidal androgen receptor agonists,” Bioorganic Medicine and Chemistry Letters, 9(9):1335-1340, (1999). [cited by applicant]
Higuchi et al., “Potent, nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) based on 8H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3-f]quinolin-8-ones,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17:5442-5446 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Hilfker, Rolf, “Relevance of Solid-State Properties for Pharmaceutical Products,” Polymorphism: in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2006 pp. 1-19. [cited by applicant]
Hirayama, N., ed., Handbook of Organic Compound Crystal Preparation—Principles and Know-How, Maruzen Publishing Co., Ltd., Jul. 25, 2008, pp. 57-84. [cited by applicant]