Light emitting core and shell nanoparticle
A semiconducting light emitting nanoparticle is described having a core and shell structure. The particle has a core and an outer layer or shell. The outer layer covers at least part of the core and contains a metal cation and a divalent anion. Additionally, one or more organic moieties are directly attached to the anion of the outer layer by covalent bond. The divalent anion is Se 2− , S 2− , Te 2− , O 2− or a combination thereof. The metal cation can be a monovalent, cation, trivalent, or tetravalent cation. Also, a process for synthesizing the semiconducting light emitting nanoparticle is described.
1. A semiconducting light-emitting nanoparticle comprising:
a core;
an outer layer covering at least a part of said core, comprising a metal cation and a divalent anion; and
one or more types of organic moieties directly attached to the anion of the outer layer by covalent bond,
wherein said divalent anion is selected from Se 2− , S 2− , Te 2− O 2− or a combination of any of these, and said metal cation is a monovalent, divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent cation, and
wherein the organic moiety is represented by formula (III) or formula (IIIa)
*—(CH 2 ) a —(OCH 2 CH 2 ) p —(V) r —(CH 2 ) q —Z (III)
*—(CH 2 ) q —(V) r —(OCH 2 CH 2 ) p —Z (IIIa)
wherein
V is O, CH 2 or C═O;
Z is a hydrogen atom or an organic group;
a is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
p is an integer 1 or more;
q is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
r is 0 or an integer 1; and
“*” represents the connecting point to the anion in the outer layer.
2. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein Z is a hydrogen atom, a straight alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms, —COOH, —SH, or —NH 2 , alkylamine, fluoroaryl, fluoroalkaryl, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroaralkyl;
a is 0≤a≤25;
p is 1≤p≤20; and
q is 0≤q≤25.
3. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the organic moiety is represented by following chemical formula (IV):
*—(CH 2 ) a —(OCH 2 CH 2 ) p —(O) r —(CH 2 ) q —Z″ (IV)
wherein a is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
p is an integer 1 or more;
q is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
Z′ is a hydrogen atom, a straight alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms, an alkylamine, a fluoroaryl, a fluoroalkaryl, a fluoroalkyl, a fluoroaralkyl, or a heteroaromatic group;
r is 0 or an integer 1; and
“*” represents the connecting point to the anion in the outer layer.
4. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the organic moiety is covalently bound to the anion in the outer layer of an inorganic lattice.
5. The nanoparticle of claim 3 , wherein:
a is 0≤a≤25;
p is 1≤p≤20;
q is 0≤q≤25; and
Z′ is a is a straight alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom.
6. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein metal cation is a metal of group 12 + .
7. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein p is 4≤p≤18.
8. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein said metal cation is selected from Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Hg 2+ , Mg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ti 4+ , Ge 4+ , Si 4+ , Zr 4+ , Hf 4+ , Sn 4+ , and combinations thereof.
9. The nanoparticle of claim 8 , wherein the metal cation is Zn 2+ , Hg 2+ , or Pb 2+ , and combinations thereof.
10. A process for fabricating semiconducting nanoparticle, said process comprising:
(a) mixing at least a semiconducting nanoparticle with a solvent to get a reaction mixture;
(b) forming an outer layer onto the semiconducting nanoparticle in the reaction mixture by reacting at least an anion source represented by formula (III′), formula (IIIa″), or formula (IV′) with a metal cation precursor in a reaction mixture;
X 1 —(CH 2 ) a —(OCH 2 CH 2 ) p —(V) r —(CH 2 ) q —Z (III′)
X 1 —(CH 2 ) q —(V) r —(OCH 2 CH 2 ) p —Z (IIIa′)
wherein
X 1 is an anchor group comprising at least a divalent anion capable of attaching to said metal cation, selected from one or more member of the group consisting of Se 2− , S 2− , Te 2− , and O 2− ;
V is O, CH 2 or C═O;
Z is a hydrogen atom or an organic group;
a is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
p is an integer 1 or more;
q is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
r is 0 or an integer 1;
HS—(CH 2 ) a —(OCH 2 CH 2 ) p —(O) r —(CH 2 ) q —Z′ (IV)
wherein a is 0 or an integer 1 or more;
p is an integer 1 or more;
q is O or an integer 1 or more;
Z′ is a hydrogen atom a straight alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, a branched alkyl group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms, an alkylamine, a fluoroaryl, a fluoroalkaryl, a fluoroalkyl, or a fluoroaralkyl; and
r is 0 or an integer 1; and
(c) cooling the reaction mixture from (b),
wherein the reaction mixture in (b) is kept at a temperature in the range from 80° C. to 200° C. to form the outer layer in (b).
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein an injection of said anion source is carried out at the temperature in the range from 0° C. to 200° C. in (a) or in (b).
12. The process according to claim 10 , wherein (b) is performed in a time period in the range from 1 minute to 10 hours.
13. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the ratio of the total molar amount of the cation precursor to the total molar amount of the semiconducting nanoparticle in (b) is in the range from 20:1 to 200000:1.
14. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the molar ratio of the total amount of the anion source and the total amount of the cation precursor used in (b) is in the range from 20:1 to 1:20.
15. A semiconducting nanoparticle prepared by the process according to claim 10 .
16. A composition comprising at least one semiconducting nanoparticle according to claim 1 ,
and at least one additional material selected from organic light emitting materials, inorganic light emitting materials, charge transporting materials, scattering particles, host materials, nanosized plasmonic particles, photo initiators, and matrix materials.
17. A formulation comprising:
at least one semiconducting nanoparticle according to claim 1 , and
at least one solvent selected from one or more members of the group consisting of aromatic, halogenated and aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, ethers, esters, ionic liquids, alcohols and water.
18. The formulation according to claim 17 , wherein said at least one solvent is selected from one or more members of the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, dichloromethane, heptane, hexane, purified water, ester acetates, ether acetates, etheric esters, alcohols, sulfoxides, formamides, nitrides, and ketones.
19. An electronic device, optical device, sensing device or biomedical device containing semiconducting nanoparticle according to claim 1 .
20. An optical medium comprising at least one semiconducting nanoparticle according to claim 1 .
21. The optical medium of claim 20 , comprising an anode, a cathode, and at least one layer comprising said at least one semiconducting nanoparticle.
22. The optical medium of claim 21 , wherein the layer comprises said at least one semiconducting nanoparticle and a host material.
23. An optical device comprising at least said optical medium according to claim 20 .