Systems and methods for non-parallelised mining on a proof-of-work blockchain network
The present disclosure provides methods and systems for ensuring the security of a blockchain and associated network, and for enabling the establishment of consensus regarding the state of the blockchain. A method of the disclosure may be implemented by one or more nodes on a blockchain network, using a non-parallelisable algorithm to calculate an output based on a computational difficulty parameter, a hash of at least one blockchain transaction; and/or a hash of at least one blockchain block header. The non-parallelisable, inherently sequential algorithm comprises at least one of the following operations or a combination thereof: a recursive operation, a modular exponentiation and/or a repeated squaring operation.
1. A computer implemented method comprising the step of:
mining the block of blockchain transactions, wherein the block comprises:
i) a set S of N blockchain transactions, where the set S is agreed by blockchain network nodes on a blockchain network; and
ii) a proof-of-computation solution for the block of blockchain transactions that has been calculated as an output of a non-parallelisable algorithm that has been provided with inputs, the inputs comprising:
a computational difficulty parameter which influences or controls a number of operations required by the non-parallelisable algorithm to calculate the output;
a hash of at least one blockchain transaction; and/or
a hash of at least one blockchain block header.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:
sending the output, or a representation of the output, to the blockchain network nodes.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the non-parallelisable algorithm comprises at least one of the following operations:
a recursive operation;
a modular exponentiation; and
a repeated squaring operation.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:
selecting at least one blockchain transaction from a set of blockchain transactions, wherein the at least one blockchain transaction is selected based on a timestamp provided in the at least one blockchain transaction.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one selected blockchain transaction comprises a timestamp that is derivable or identifiable from a state of the blockchain.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one selected transaction comprises a timestamp that is later than the timestamp of a block or a blockchain transaction that is recorded on a blockchain.
7. The method of claim 4 , further comprising the step of:
calculating a representation of the at least one selected blockchain transaction.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:
receiving a representation of the output at a second blockchain network node from a first blockchain network node and verifying the output at the second blockchain network node.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of verifying the output at the second blockchain network node comprises:
calculating the output at the second blockchain network node;
generating a representation of the output at the second blockchain network node; and
comparing the representation generated at the second blockchain network node with the representation received from the first blockchain network node.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-parallelisable algorithm:
requires the calculation of one or more intermediary values in order to calculate the i) output; and/or
ii) cannot be executed by a plurality of parallelised computing resources.
11. A blockchain network comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein each node in the blockchain network comprises: a processor; and memory including executable instructions that, as a result of execution by the processor, causes the blockchain network to perform the computer-implemented steps of: mining the block of blockchain transactions, wherein the block comprises:
i) a set S of N blockchain transactions, where the set S is agreed by blockchain network nodes on a blockchain network; and ii) a proof-of-computation solution for the block of blockchain transactions that has been calculated as an output of a non-parallelisable algorithm that has been provided with inputs, the inputs comprising: a computational difficulty parameter which influences or controls a number of operations required by the non-parallelisable algorithm to calculate the output; a hash of at least one blockchain transaction; and/or a hash of at least one blockchain block header.
12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon executable instructions that, as a result of being executed by a processor of a computer system, cause the computer system to perform the computer-implemented steps of:
mining the block of blockchain transactions, wherein the block comprises:
i) a set S of N blockchain transactions, where the set S is agreed by blockchain network nodes on a blockchain network; and
ii) a proof-of-computation solution for the block of blockchain transactions that has been calculated as an output of a non-parallelisable algorithm that has been provided with inputs, the inputs comprising:
a computational difficulty parameter which influences or controls a number of operations required by the non-parallelisable algorithm to calculate the output;
a hash of at least one blockchain transaction; and/or a hash of at least one blockchain block header.
13. The blockchain network of claim 11 , wherein the executable instructions, as a result of execution by the processor, causes the blockchain network to perform the computer-implemented step of:
sending the output, or a representation of the output, to the a network of blockchain network nodes.
14. The blockchain network of claim 11 , wherein the non-parallelisable algorithm comprises at least one of the following operations:
a recursive operation;
a modular exponentiation; and
a repeated squaring operation.
15. The blockchain network of claim 11 , wherein the executable instructions, as a result of execution by the processor, causes the blockchain network to perform the computer-implemented step of:
selecting at least one blockchain transaction from a set of blockchain transactions, wherein the at least one blockchain transaction is selected based on a timestamp provided in the at least one blockchain transaction.
16. The blockchain network of claim 15 , wherein the at least one selected blockchain transaction comprises a timestamp that is derivable or identifiable from a state of the blockchain.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12 , wherein the executable instructions that, a result of being executed by a processor of a computer system, cause the computer system to perform the step of:
sending the output, or a representation of the output, to a network of blockchain nodes.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12 , wherein the non-parallelisable algorithm comprises at least one of the following operations:
a recursive operation;
a modular exponentiation; and
a repeated squaring operation.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12 , wherein the executable instructions, as a result of being executed by the processor of the computer system, cause the computer system to perform the step of:
selecting at least one blockchain transaction from a set of blockchain transactions, wherein the at least one blockchain transaction is selected based on a timestamp provided in the at least one blockchain transaction.