Sodium layered oxides as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries and method of manufacturing the same
A composition of general formula (1): Na x [Mn a Ni b Cr c ]O 2+y (1), wherein: 0.6≤x≤0.8; −0.1≤y≤0.1; 0.55≤a≤0.7; 0.25≤b≤0.3; c≤0.05; and a+b+c≤1.0, an intermediate product for preparing a composition of general formula (1) and a process of synthesis, wherein the mixed sodium-transition metal oxide of general formula (1) may generally show an essentially or solely P2 structure, and may be used as a positive electrode material for a sodium ion secondary battery.
1. A process for synthesizing a sodium-transition metal oxide having a P2-P3 mixture structure or a P2 structure, not including an O3 structure, comprising the steps of:
(1) preparation of a mixed carbonate and/or hydroxide by reaction of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide with salts of chromium, nickel and manganese dissolved in water, followed by drying to remove water and obtain a dried mixed carbonate and/or hydroxide;
(2) mixing of the dried mixed carbonate and/or hydroxide obtained in step (1) with further sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydroxide under an inert atmosphere, followed by calcination of the resulting mixture under an inert atmosphere, so as to obtain a sodium-transition metal oxide having essentially a P3-type structure;
(3) mixing of the sodium-transition metal oxide having essentially a P3 structure obtained in step (2) with further sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydroxide, followed by calcination of the resulting mixture under an oxygen-containing atmosphere, so as to obtain a sodium-transition metal oxide having essentially a P2-type structure;
(4) washing of the sodium-transition metal oxide having essentially a P2-type structure obtained in step (3) in order to remove sodium chromate.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (1), the salts of chromium, nickel and manganese dissolved in water, are nitrates and/or sulfates.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (1), drying is carried out a temperature of at least 50° C. and at most 120° C., for at least 4 hours.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydroxide added in step (2) represent a number of moles of Na of at least 1.05 and at most 1.15 of a quantity calculated based on a value of x in a composition of formula (1) to be synthesized, with respect to relative amounts in moles of Mn, Ni and Cr represented by a, b and c in formula (1):
Na x [Mn a Ni b Cr c ]O 2+y (1)
wherein:
0.5≤x≤0.8;
−0.1≤y≤0.1;
0.5≤a≤0.7;
0.2≤b≤0.3;
0<c≤0.3; and
a+b+c≤1.0.
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (2), calcining is carried out in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of at least 400° C. and at most 800° C. for at least 2 hours.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (3), calcining is carried out in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a temperature of at least 700° C. and at most 1000° C. for at least 6 hours.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (4), washing of the sodium-transition metal oxide obtained in step (3) in order to remove sodium chromate, is carried out using a mixture of water and alcohol.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein sodium carbonate is added in each of steps (1) to (3).
9. A composition having a P2-P3 mixture structure or a P2 structure, not including an O3 structure, and having a general formula (1) below:
Na x [Mn a Ni b Cr c ]O 2+y (1)
wherein:
0.5≤x≤0.8;
−0.1≤y≤0.1;
0.5≤a≤0.7;
0.2≤b≤0.3;
0<c≤0.3; and
a+b+c≤1.0.
10. A positive electrode for a sodium ion secondary battery comprising the composition of claim 9 .
11. A sodium ion secondary battery having the positive electrode for a sodium ion secondary battery according to claim 10 , a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte.
12. The composition according to claim 9 , wherein:
0.6≤x≤0.8;
0.55≤a≤0.7;
0.25≤b≤0.3; and
0<c≤0.05.