Spatial light modulator incorporating aberration correction

1. A spatial light modulator comprising:

a liquid crystal material;

first and second electrodes disposed on opposing sides of the liquid crystal material and being configured to apply an electric potential across the liquid crystal material, the first electrode being at least partially transparent to allow passage of an incident wavefront of light into the liquid crystal material, the second electrode being reflective and being divided into a two-dimensional array of independently electrically controllable pixels that extend laterally across the spatial light modulator; and

a diffractive optical element disposed between the first and second electrodes and extending laterally across the spatial light modulator, the diffractive optical element having an array of diffracting formations formed from sub-wavelength structures,

wherein the array of diffracting formations define a phase profile, the phase profile being configured to modify the incident wavefront of light reflected off the second electrode and being configured to apply a position-dependent wavefront correction to the incident wavefront of light, wherein the wavefront correction applied by the phase profile is configured to provide a position-dependent focusing effect to the incident wavefront of light.

2. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein the position-dependent focusing effect is configured to focus or defocus at least a part of the incident wavefront of light.

3. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein the wavefront correction applied by the phase profile is configured to provide a position-dependent beam steering effect to selectively orient a direction of at least a part of the incident wavefront of light.

4. The spatial light modulator of claim 3 , wherein the position-dependent focusing and beam steering effects are applied in orthogonal dimensions.

5. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein the diffractive optical element comprises a sub-wavelength grating structure.

6. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein the diffractive optical element comprises a high contrast grating structure formed of a first material surrounded by one or more second materials, the first material having a high refractive index, the one or more second materials having a lower refractive index than the first material.

7. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein the first material is: a refractive index greater than 3, a refractive index in the range of 3.1 to 3.4, amorphous silicon, or silicon rich nitride.

8. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein the second material is a spin-on glass material comprising an organosilicon-based polymer.

9. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein the high contrast grating structure comprises the array of diffracting formations extending in a two-dimensional plane, the diffracting formations being distributed with a spatial period that varies across the two-dimensional plane.

10. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein:

the high contrast grating has a period that varies laterally across the spatial light modulator over a range of 450 nm to 950 nm;

the high contrast grating has a mean period of 700 nm;

the high contrast grating has a thickness in the range of 500 nm to 900 nm; or

the high contrast grating has a mean duty cycle of 50%.

11. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein the diffracting formations of the high contrast grating have a high index and are completely surrounded by one or more lower index dielectric materials.

12. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein the high contrast grating includes a profile of curved grating lines that have curvature in a lateral direction across the spatial light modulator.

13. The spatial light modulator of claim 6 , wherein thicknesses of the first material and the one or more second materials of the high contrast grating vary laterally across the spatial light modulator.

14. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein the spatial light modulator is configured for use in a given wavelength selective switch (WSS) having an optical model; and wherein the diffractive optical element defines a phase surface configured to impart a permanent phase change as a function of position, the phase surface being defined by the optical model for the given WSS.

15. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein the diffractive optical element defines a phase surface configured to impart a phase change as a function of position, the phase change being configured to create an optical lensing function.

16. The spatial light modulator of claim 1 , wherein a reflection efficiency of the spatial light modulator having the diffractive optical element is increased compared to an efficiency of the spatial light modulator without the diffractive optical element.

17. A wavelength selective switch comprising a spatial light modulator according to claim 1 .

18. A spatial light modulator comprising:

a liquid crystal material;

first and second electrodes disposed on opposing sides of the liquid crystal material and being configured to apply an electric potential across the liquid crystal material, the first electrode being at least partially transparent to allow passage of an incident wavefront of light into the liquid crystal material, the second electrode being reflective and being divided into a two-dimensional array of independently electrically controllable pixels that extend laterally across the spatial light modulator; and

a diffractive optical element disposed between the first and second electrodes and extending laterally across the spatial light modulator, the diffractive optical element having an array of diffracting formations formed from sub-wavelength structures,

wherein the array of diffracting formations define a phase profile, the phase profile being configured to modify the incident wavefront of light reflected off the second electrode and being configured to apply a position-dependent wavefront correction to the incident wavefront of light, wherein the two-dimensional array of independently electrically controllable pixels is partitioned into different spatial regions configured to perform independent switching.

19. The spatial light modulator of claim 18 , wherein the different spatial regions are configured to independently control different WSS devices.

20. The spatial light modulator of claim 18 , wherein different spatial segments of the diffractive optical element correspond to the different spatial regions, and wherein the different spatial segments are configured to apply a unique and independent phase profile to each spatial region.