METHOD OF BLOCKING OR AMELIORATING CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME

1 . A method for treating and/or preventing cytokine release syndrome (CRS), the method comprising administering to a subject experiencing, or at risk of developing, CRS an effective amount of a compound according to Formula I

or a salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, wherein:

Y is selected from CH 2 , NR 24 , O, S, S(O) and S(O) 2 ;

Z 1 and Z 2 are each, independently of one another, selected from CH and N;

R 2 is selected from lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups, lower cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups, cyclohexyl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups, 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups, (C 6 -C 14 ) aryl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups, phenyl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups and 5-15 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of the same or different R 8 groups;

R 5 is selected from halo, cyano, nitro, or trihalomethyl;

each R 8 independently is selected from R a , R b , R a substituted with one or more of the same or different R a or R b , —OR a substituted with one or more of the same or different R a or R b , —B(OR a ) 2 , —B(NR c R c ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) m —R b , —(CHR a ) m —R b , —O—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —S—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —O—CHR a R b , —O—CR a (R b ) 2 , —O—(CHR a ) m —R b , —O—(CH 2 ) m —CH[(CH 2 ) m R b ]R b , —S—(CHR a ) m —R b , —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —C(O)NH—(CHR a ) m —R b , —O—(CH 2 ) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —S—(CH 2 ) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —O—(CHR a ) m —C(O)NH—(CHR a ) m —R b , —S—(CHR a ) m —C(O)NH—(CHR a ) m —R b , —NH—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —NH—(CHR a ) m —R b , —NH[(CH 2 ) m R b ], —N[(CH 2 ) m R b ] 2 , —NH—C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) m —R b , —NH—C(O)—(CH 2 ) m —CHR b R b and —NH—(CH 2 ) m —C(O)—NH—(CH 2 ) m —R b ;

R 17 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, or lower alkyl;

R 18 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl;

or, alternatively, R 18 may be taken together with R 17 to form an oxo (═O) group or, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a spirocycle containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms;

R 19 is selected from hydrogen, or lower alkyl;

R 20 is selected from hydrogen, or lower alkyl;

or, alternatively, R 20 may be taken together with R 19 to form an oxo (═O) group or, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, a spirocycle containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms;

each R a is, independently of the others, selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, cyclohexyl, (C 4 -C 11 ) cycloalkylalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl, phenyl, (C 7 -C 16 ) arylalkyl, benzyl, 2-6 membered heteroalkyl, 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl and 6-16 membered heteroarylalkyl;

each R b is independently selected from ═O, —OR a , (C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyloxy, ═S, —SR a , NR a ═NOR a , —NR c R c , halogen, —CF 3 , —CN, —NC, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO 2 , ═N 2 , —N 3 , —S(O)R a , —S(O) 2 R a , —S(O) 2 OR a , —S(O)NR c R c , —S(O) 2 NR c R c , —OS(O)R a , —OS(O) 2 R a , —OS(O) 2 OR a , —OS(O) 2 NR c R c , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR c R c , —C(NH)NR c R c , —C(NR a )NR c R c , —C(NOH)R a , —C(NOH)NR c R c , —OC(O)R a , —OC(O)OR a , —OC(O)NR c R c , —OC(NH)NR c R c , —OC(NR a )NR c R c , —[NHC(O)] n R a , —[NR a C(O)] n R a , —[NHC(O)] n OR a , —[NR a C(O)] n OR a , —[NHC(O)] n NR c R c , —[NR a C(O)] n NR c R c , —[NHC(NH)] n NR c R c or —[NR a C(NR a )] n NR c R c ;

each R c is, independently of the others, selected from R a or an amino-protecting group selected from formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, trimethylsilyl, 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl, trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, or nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl;

or, alternatively, the two R bonded to the same nitrogen atom are taken together with that nitrogen atom to form a 5 to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl which may optionally include one or more of the same or different additional heteroatoms and which may optionally be substituted with one or more of the same or different R a groups;

R 21 , R 22 and R 23 are each, independently of one another, selected from hydrogen or phosphonooxyalkyl;

R 24 is selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, or phosphonooxyalkyl;

each m is, independently of the others, an integer from 1 to 3; and

each n is, independently of the others, an integer from 0 to 3.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 and R 24 is phosphonooxyalkyl.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 and R 24 is hydrogen.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein R 21 is phosphonooxyalkyl, and R 22 , R 23 and R 24 are hydrogen.

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a formula selected from

or a salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a formula selected from

or a salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a formula

or a salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a formula

or a salt, solvate, N-oxide or prodrug thereof, where R 30 is H or phosphonooxyalkyl.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

or a salt and/or solvate thereof.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the compound ameliorates a sign or symptom of CRS, compared to the severity of the sign or symptom prior to administration of the compound.

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the sign or symptom is a fever.

14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein administering comprises:

administering to a subject that has previously be administered a first therapy for which CRS is a known, suspected, or potential side effect; or

administering to a subject who will be, or is concurrently being, administered a first therapy for which CRS is a known, suspected, or potential side effect.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the first therapy comprises a cell therapy.

16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the cell therapy comprises chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing therapy, a transgenic receptor therapy, or a combination thereof.

17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the compound further comprises administering a second therapeutic agent.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the second therapeutic agent is a steroid, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressant, or a combination thereof.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein:

the steroid is alclomethasone, algestone, beclomethasone, betamethasone, budesonide, clobetasol, clobetasone, clocortolone, cloprednol, corticosterone, cortisone, cortivazol, deflazacort, desonide, desoximethasone, dexamethasone, diflorasone, diflucortolone, difluprednate, enoxolone, fluazacort, flucloronide, fludrocortisone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluocinolone, fluocinonide, fluocortin, fluocortolone, fluorometholone, fluperolone, fluprednidene, fluprednisolone, flurandrenolide, fluticasone, formocortal, halcinonide, halobetasol, halometasone, halopredone, hydrocortamate, hydrocortisone, loteprednol etabonate, mazipredone, medrysone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, mometasone, paramethasone, prednicarbate, prednisolone, prednisone, prednival, prednylidene, rimexolone, tixocortol, triamcinolone, or any combination thereof,

the anti-inflammatory agent is an aminosalicylate, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac, etodolac, famotidine, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, ketorolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nambumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, salsalate, sulindac, tolmetin, or a combination thereof; or

the immunosuppressant is mercaptopurine, a corticosteroid, an alkylating agent, a calcineurin inhibitor, an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), an agents designed to suppress cellular immunity while leaving the recipient's humoral immunologic response intact, or a combination thereof.

20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the second therapeutic is dexamethasone or prednisone, or a combination thereof.