Apparatus, system, and method for disposing photonic integrated circuits on surfaces
A system comprising (1) at least one optical element having a nonplanar surface, (2) at least one photonic integrated circuit disposed on the nonplanar surface of the optical element, the photonic integrated circuit comprising (A) an optical core that contains an optically anisotropic organic material and (B) a cladding disposed over the optical core. Various other apparatuses, systems, and methods are also disclosed.
1. A system comprising:
at least one optical element; and
at least one photonic integrated circuit that is grown on a nonplanar surface of the optical element, the photonic integrated circuit comprising:
an optical core that contains at least one optically anisotropic organic crystal that:
includes closely packed molecules;
exhibits a tunable refractive index; and
exhibits a tunable birefringence; and
a cladding disposed over the optical core.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cladding of the photonic integrated circuit contains an optically anisotropic organic material.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one optically anisotropic organic crystal comprises at least one of:
a uniaxially-oriented index of refraction; or
a biaxially-oriented index of refraction.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the optical core:
is configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation; and
has a thickness that is substantially equal to a wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the optical core of the photonic integrated circuit has a refractive index that is greater than a refractive index of the cladding.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the optical core and the cladding together constitute at least one of:
a passive component of the photonic integrated circuit; and
an active component of the photonic integrated circuit.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the passive component of the photonic integrated circuit comprises at least one of:
a waveguide;
a crossing structure;
a taper;
a directional coupler;
a beam splitter; or
a grating.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the active component of the photonic integrated circuit comprises at least one of:
an optical modulator;
a phase shifter; or
an optical switch or gate.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the nonplanar surface of the optical element comprises a curved surface of a lens, the photonic integrated circuit being disposed on the curved surface of the lens.
10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a head-mounted display dimensioned to be worn by a user of an artificial-reality system, wherein the head-mounted display incorporates the lens and the photonic integrated circuit disposed on the lens.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the head-mounted display comprises an eye-tracking device configured to track a gaze of the user of the artificial-reality system as the user operates the head-mounted display, the eye-tracking device incorporating the photonic integrated circuit disposed on the lens.
12. The system of claim 10 , wherein the head-mounted display comprises a light-emitting device configured to illuminate an area within a line of sight of the user of the artificial-reality system as the user operates the head-mounted display, the light-emitting device incorporating the photonic integrated circuit disposed on the lens.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one optically anisotropic organic crystal has a refractive index of at least 1.9.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one optically anisotropic organic crystal has a birefringence of at least 0.05.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the nonplanar surface comprises a contoured surface of the optical element; and
the optical core is grown along the contoured surface of the optical element.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the contoured surface comprises at least one of:
a convex surface of the optical element; or
a concave surface of the optical element.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cladding comprises one or more cladding layers that surround all sides of the optical core.
18. A photonic integrated circuit comprising:
an optical core that contains at least one optically anisotropic organic crystal that:
is grown on a nonplanar surface of an optical element;
includes closely packed molecules;
exhibits a tunable refractive index; and
exhibits a tunable birefringence; and
a cladding that is disposed over the optical core.
19. The photonic integrated circuit of claim 18 , wherein the optical core has a refractive index that is greater than a refractive index of the cladding.
20. A method comprising:
growing, on a nonplanar surface of an optical element, a photonic integrated circuit that includes a cladding and an optical core that contains at least one optically anisotropic organic crystal that:
includes closely packed molecules;
exhibits a tunable refractive index; and
exhibits a tunable birefringence;
disposing the cladding over the optical core; and
incorporating the optical element and the photonic integrated circuit grown on the optical element into a wearable device dimensioned to be donned by a user.