CARBON-NEGATIVE METALLURGICAL PRODUCTS

1 . A carbon-negative carbon product that is characterized by a carbon intensity less than 0 kg CO 2 e per metric ton of the carbon-negative carbon product, wherein the carbon-negative carbon product contains at least about 50 wt % fixed carbon.

2 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon intensity is less than about −500 kg CO 2 e per metric ton of the carbon-negative carbon product.

3 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon intensity is less than about −1000 kg CO 2 e per metric ton of the carbon-negative carbon product.

4 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon intensity is less than about −2000 kg CO 2 e per metric ton of the carbon-negative carbon product.

5 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon intensity is less than about −3000 kg CO 2 e per metric ton of the carbon-negative carbon product.

6 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product contains at least about 60 wt % fixed carbon.

7 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product contains at least about 80 wt % fixed carbon.

8 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product comprises from about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % moisture.

9 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product comprises from about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt % moisture.

10 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product further contains an additive.

11 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product comprises from about 0.2 wt % to about 25 wt % of the additive.

12 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive is capable of being partially oxidized and/or combusted.

13 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive is a renewable material.

14 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive is a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative additive.

15 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive is a binder.

16 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 15 , wherein the binder is selected from starch, thermoplastic starch, crosslinked starch, starch polymers, cellulose, cellulose ethers, carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose esters, hemicellulose, methylcellulose, chitosan, lignin, lactose, sucrose, dextrose, maltodextrin, banana flour, wheat flour, wheat starch, soy flour, corn flour, wood flour, coal tars, coal fines, met coke, asphalt, coal-tar pitch, petroleum pitch, bitumen, pyrolysis tars, gilsonite, bentonite clay, borax, limestone, lime, waxes, vegetable waxes, baking soda, baking powder, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, iron ore concentrate, silica fume, gypsum, Portland cement, guar gum, polyvidones, polyacrylamides, polylactides, formaldehyde, peat, sphagnum peat, phenol-formaldehyde resins, vegetable resins, recycled shingles, recycled tires, derivatives thereof, or any combinations of the foregoing.

17 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 15 , wherein the binder is selected from starch, thermoplastic starch, crosslinked starch, starch polymers, derivatives thereof, or any combinations of the foregoing.

18 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 15 , wherein the binder is a thermoplastic starch that is optionally crosslinked.

19 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 18 , wherein the thermoplastic starch is a reaction product of starch and a polyol, wherein the polyol is optionally selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, butanediols, butanetriols, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, or combinations thereof, and wherein the reaction product is optionally formed from a reaction that is catalyzed by an acid or by a base.

20 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive reduces the reactivity of the carbon-negative carbon product compared to an otherwise-equivalent carbon product without the additive.

21 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive is pore-filling within the carbon-negative carbon product.

22 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 10 , wherein the additive is disposed on the surface of the carbon-negative carbon product.

23 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product is in powder form, in granular form, in agglomerated form, or a combination thereof.

24 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 23 , wherein the agglomerated form is a carbon-negative carbon pellet.

25 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 24 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon pellet is characterized by a Hardgrove Grindability Index of at least 30.

26 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 24 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon pellet is characterized by a Pellet Durability Index of at least 80%.

27 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product is a carbon-negative metallurgical carbon product.

28 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product is a carbon-negative non-metallurgical carbon product.

29 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product contains at least 90% renewable carbon content as determined from a measurement of the 14 C/ 12 C isotopic ratio of the carbon.

30 . The carbon-negative carbon product of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-negative carbon product contains 100% renewable carbon content as determined from a measurement of the 14 C/ 12 C isotopic ratio of the carbon.