High refractive index organic solid crystal with controlled surface roughness
An organic thin film includes an organic crystalline phase, where the organic crystalline phase defines a surface having a surface roughness (R a ) of less than approximately 10 micrometers over an area of at least approximately 1 cm 2 . The organic thin film may be manufactured from an organic precursor and a non-volatile medium material that is configured to mediate the surface roughness of the organic crystalline phase during crystal nucleation and growth. The thin film may be formed using a suitably shaped mold, for example, and the non-volatile medium material may be disposed between a layer of the organic precursor and the mold during processing.
1. An organic thin film comprising an organic crystalline phase, wherein the organic crystalline phase is derived from a liquid non-volatile medium material comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of silicone oil, a fluorinated polymer, a polyolefin, and polyethylene glycol, and the organic crystalline phase defines a surface having a surface roughness (R a ) of less than approximately 10 micrometers over an area of at least approximately 1 cm 2 .
2. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein the surface roughness (R a ) is less than approximately 1 micrometer.
3. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein a refractive index of the organic crystalline phase along at least one principal axis is at least approximately 1.7 at 589 nm.
4. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein orthogonal in-plane refractive indices of the organic crystalline phase are each at least approximately 1.7 at 589 nm.
5. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein an in-plane birefringence of the organic crystalline phase is at least approximately 0.2.
6. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein an in-plane birefringence of the organic crystalline phase is less than approximately 0.2.
7. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein:
an in-plane refractive index of the organic crystalline phase along at least one principal axis is at least approximately 1.8 across the visible spectrum, and
an in-plane birefringence of the organic crystalline phase is at least approximately 0.2.
8. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein the organic crystalline phase comprises at least approximately 80% of the organic thin film.
9. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises a profile selected from the group consisting of planar, convex, and concave.
10. The organic thin film of claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of a surface relief grating, a microlens, and a prismatic lens.
11. The organic thin film of claim 1 , further comprising a substrate underlying the organic crystalline phase.
12. A method comprising:
contacting an organic precursor with a liquid non-volatile medium material to form a homogeneous mixture of the organic precursor and the non-volatile medium material;
forming a layer comprising the organic precursor within a mold; and
processing the organic precursor to form an organic crystalline phase, wherein the organic crystalline phase defines a surface of an organic thin film having a surface roughness (R a ) of less than approximately 10 micrometers over an area of at least approximately 1 cm 2 .
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein contacting the organic precursor with the liquid non-volatile medium material comprises forming a layer of the organic precursor over a layer of the liquid non-volatile medium material.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the organic precursor comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of anthracene, phenanthrene, diphenylacetylene, stilbene, azobenzene, benzylideneaniline, terphenyl, and thiophene.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the liquid non-volatile medium material comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of silicone oil, a fluorinated polymer, a polyolefin, and polyethylene glycol.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the mold comprises a solid material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon dioxide, fused silica, quartz, nickel, silicone, siloxanes, perfluoropolyethers, polytetrafluoroethylenes, perfluoroalkoxy alkanes, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyphenylene sulfide.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein processing the organic precursor comprises zone annealing the organic precursor within the mold to control crystal content and crystal orientation within the organic crystalline phase.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising removing the organic thin film from the mold.
19. An optical element comprising an organic thin film, the organic thin film comprising an organic crystalline phase, wherein the organic crystalline phase is derived from a liquid non-volatile medium material comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of silicone oil, a fluorinated polymer, a polyolefin, and polyethylene glycol, and the organic crystalline phase defines a surface having a surface roughness (R a ) of less than approximately 10 micrometers over an area of at least approximately 1 cm 2 .