Methods for converting THC-rich cannabinoid mixtures into CBN-rich cannabinoid mixtures
Disclosed herein is a method of converting a THC-rich cannabinoid mixture that comprises at least about 20% THC into a CBN-rich cannabinoid mixture that comprises at least about 2.0% CBN. The method comprises contacting the cannabinoid mixture with a benzoquinone reagent under reaction conditions comprising: (i) a reaction temperature that is within a target reaction-temperature range; and (ii) a reaction time that is within a target reaction-time range, such that at least a portion of the of the THC in the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture is converted into CBN.
1. A method of converting a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabinoid mixture that comprises at least 20 wt. % THC into a cannabinol (CBN)-rich cannabinoid mixture that comprises at least 2.0 wt. % CBN, the method comprising reacting the cannabinoid mixture with a benzoquinone reagent, wherein the benzoquinone reagent comprises a compound as defined in formula (II):
wherein X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently: H; a halide; a C 1-12 -hydrocarbyl; a C 3-12 -heteroaryl; a C 3-12 -heteroaralkyl; a C 3-12 -heteroaralkenyl; hydroxyl; a C 1-12 -alkoxy; a C 0-12 -amino; a C 1-12 -acyl; a C 1-12 -amide, a C 2-12 -ester; or a C 2-12 -ketone.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture comprises at least about 80 wt. % THC.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture comprises at least about 95 wt. % THC.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture is derived from a marijuana biomass.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture is a cannabis distillate, a cannabis resin, a cannabis extract, or a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the benzoquinone reagent comprises:
or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture with the benzoquinone reagent is at a benzoquinone:THC ratio of between 1.0:1.0 and 10.0:1.0 on a molar basis.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture with the benzoquinone reagent is at a benzoquinone:THC ratio of between 2.0:1.0 and 4.0:1.0 on a molar basis.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture with the benzoquinone reagent is at a temperature of between about 20° C. and about 190° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture with the benzoquinone reagent is at a temperature of between about 80° C. and about 120° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting of the THC-rich cannabinoid mixture with the benzoquinone reagent is in the presence of a solvent.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the solvent is pentane, hexane, heptane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, water, acetic acid, anisole, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, butane, butyl acetate, ethyl formate, formic acid, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, methylethyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, propane, propyl acetate, trimethylamine, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CBN-rich cannabinoid mixture comprises at least about 60 wt. % CBN.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CBN-rich cannabinoid mixture comprises at least about 90 wt. % CBN.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the benzoquinone reagent comprises:
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , X 3 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , and X 4 ═H,
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═Cl, X 2 ═Cl, X 3 ═Cl, and X 4 ═Cl,
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , X 3 ═H, and X 4 ═H,
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , X 3 ═H, and X 4 ═OCH 3 , or
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═H, X 3 ═H, and X 4 ═OCH 3 .
16. A method of converting tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into cannabinol (CBN), the method comprising:
reacting the THC with a benzoquinone reagent that is a compound as defined in formula (II):
wherein X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently: H; a halide; a C 1-12 -hydrocarbyl; a C 3-12 -heteroaryl; a C 3-12 -heteroaralkyl; a C 3-12 -heteroaralkenyl; hydroxyl; a C 1-12 -alkoxy; a C 0-12 -amino; a C 1-12 -acyl; a C 1-12 -amide; a C 2-12 -ester; or a C 2-12 -ketone.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the benzoquinone reagent comprises:
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , X 3 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , and X 4 ═H,
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═Cl, X 2 ═Cl, X 3 ═Cl, and X 4 ═Cl,
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , X 3 ═H, and X 4 ═H,
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═C(CH 3 ) 3 , X 3 ═H, and X 4 ═OCH 3 , or
a compound as defined in formula (II) where X 1 ═H, X 2 ═H, X 3 ═H, and X 4 ═OCH 3 .
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the reacting of the THC with the benzoquinone reagent is in the presence of a solvent.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the solvent is pentane, hexane, heptane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, water, acetic acid, anisole, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, butane, butyl acetate, ethyl formate, formic acid, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, methylethyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, propane, propyl acetate, trimethylamine, or a combination thereof.