Method for forming and heat treating near net shape complex structures from sheet metal
A method of manufacturing a complex-shaped metal part, including the steps of applying a metallic sheath around a sheet metal workpiece and applying an electric current through the workpiece in the metallic sheath to heat the workpiece. The method also includes shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath into a complex-shaped metal part while it is being heated. The shaping can be performed between two ceramic dies or using other techniques for forming complex shapes and curvatures into the workpiece. The method then may include cooling the complex-shaped metal part and removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped metal part. This method can allow reactive and refractory material to be safely heated without oxidation when heating/forming in air when the workpiece is sealed within a sacrificial stainless steel or nickel alloy envelope to protect the enclosed workpiece.
1 . A method of manufacturing a complex-shaped metal part, the method comprising:
applying a metallic sheath around a workpiece, wherein the workpiece is metal, wherein said applying the metallic sheath comprises enclosing the workpiece in the metallic sheath, evacuating atmosphere from within the metallic sheath, and sealing the metallic sheath so that the metallic sheath forms a sealed, evacuated metallic envelope conforming to the workpiece;
applying an electric current to the metallic envelope to convey the electric current from the metallic envelope through the workpiece in the metallic envelope to heat the workpiece;
shaping the workpiece in the metallic envelope into a complex-shaped metal part; and
cooling the complex-shaped metal part.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped metal part.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the workpiece is made of sheet metal including cobalt base alloys, nickel base alloys, heat resistant and corrosion resistant steels, Maraging steels, ultrahigh strength steels, titanium alloys, extreme temperature refractory alloys, or reactive alloys.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein shaping the workpiece in the metallic envelope comprises pressing the workpiece in the metallic envelope against a ceramic tooling surface.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the ceramic tooling surface comprises inward- facing surfaces of two mating ceramic dies.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the ceramic tooling surface is a ceramic die surface within a pressure chamber.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein shaping comprises at least partially drawing the metallic envelope through ceramic rollers, biased against at least one side of the metallic envelope and located at opposing edge regions of the metallic envelope, toward a ceramic tooling surface and then fully compressing the metallic sheath with the workpiece therein against the ceramic tooling surface while electric current is applied through the workpiece.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein opposing edge portions of the metallic envelope are attached to translatable frame pieces, wherein shaping further comprises the translatable frame pieces translating toward each other as the metallic envelope with the workpiece therein is drawn into a ceramic cavity while the electric current is applied.
9 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the ceramic tooling surface is made of a plurality of reconfigurable shafts actuatable to extend by varying amounts to cooperatively form different shaped surfaces for the ceramic tooling surface.
10 . The method of claim 4 , further comprising heat treating the complex-shaped metal part, wherein heat treating is performed while the workpiece is pressed against the ceramic tooling surface.
11 . A method of a complex-shaped metal part, the method comprising:
enclosing a worksheet within a metallic sheath, wherein the workpiece is sheet metal made of at least one of a refractory alloy and a reactive alloy, wherein the metallic sheath is sacrificial metal;
evacuating atmosphere through an opening of the metallic sheath via vacuum;
sealing the opening of the metallic sheath following the evacuating step, wherein after the enclosing, evacuating, and sealing steps, the metallic sheath fully encases the worksheet and vacuum pressure in the metallic sheath draws the metallic sheath into close conformity with all sides of the worksheet;
applying an electric current through the workpiece in the metallic sheath to heat the workpiece;
shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath into a complex-shaped metal part, including pressing the workpiece in the metallic sheath against at least one ceramic tooling surface; and
cooling the complex-shaped metal part
wherein the metallic sheath fully encases the worksheet and vacuum pressure in the metallic sheath draws the metallic sheath into close conformity with all sides of the worksheet before said shaping.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the sheet metal includes one or more of cobalt base alloys, nickel base alloys, heat resistant and corrosion resistant steels, Maraging steels, ultrahigh strength steels, titanium alloys, and extreme temperature refractory alloys.
13 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising cutting open and removing the metallic sheath from the complex-shaped metal part after cooling.
14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein shaping the workpiece in the metallic sheath comprises pressing the workpiece in the metallic sheath between two or more ceramic dies.
15 . The method of claim 11 , wherein a sacrificial foil or sheet is placed between the metallic sheath and the workpiece or wherein inside surfaces of the metallic sheath are coated with a release agent or pre-oxidized to prevent bonding of the workpiece to the metallic sheath.
16 . The method of claim 11 , wherein said sealing the opening comprises welding the opening shut.