Method for transposase-mediated spatial tagging and analyzing genomic DNA in a biological sample
The present disclosure relates to materials and methods for spatially analyzing nucleic acids that have been fragmented with a transposase enzyme, alone or in combination with other types of analytes.
1. A method for determining the spatial location of a nucleic acid in a tissue sample, the method comprising:
(a) contacting the tissue sample with an array comprising a plurality of capture probes affixed thereon, wherein a capture probe of the plurality of capture probes comprises (i) a spatial barcode and (ii) a capture domain;
(b) permeabilizing the tissue sample;
(c) contacting a transposome with the permeabilized tissue sample to insert transposon end sequences into the nucleic acid, thereby generating a fragmented nucleic acid sequence, and adding to an end of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence a first adapter comprising a sequence substantially complementary to a sequence of the capture domain;
(d) hybridizing the first adapter of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence to the capture domain of the capture probe; and
(e) determining the spatial barcode sequence or a complement thereof, and the fragmented nucleic acid sequence adjacent to the first adapter and the transposon end sequence, or a complement thereof, thereby determining the spatial location of the nucleic acid in the tissue sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid is from accessible chromatin.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein adding the first adapter to the end of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence in step (c) comprises ligating the first adapter to a 5′ end of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the fragmented nucleic acid sequence comprises determining a sequence 3′ to the first adapter and the transposon end sequence.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the array comprises one or more features selected from the group consisting of a bead, an inkjet spot, a masked spot, a well, and a hydrogel pad.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the capture probe further comprises a cleavage domain, a functional domain, a unique molecular identifier, or combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises actively migrating the fragmented nucleic acid sequence to the array by electrophoresis.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transposome comprises a transposase enzyme and transposon ends for inserting into the nucleic acid.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the transposon ends further comprise a first adapter and a second adapter and the 5′ end of the first adapter is complexed with a first monomer of the transposase enzyme and a 5′ end of the second adapter complexed with a second monomer or the transposase enzyme, and wherein the 5′ ends of the adapters are phosphorylated.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the capture probe comprises (i) a hybridization domain instead of a capture domain, and (ii) a splint oligonucleotide hybridized to the hybridization domain, or a portion thereof, and wherein the splint oligonucleotide comprises a capture domain.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the splint oligonucleotide further hybridizes to the first adapter or a portion thereof, of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the method further comprises ligating the first adapter of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence to the surface probe using the splint oligonucleotide as a template.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ligating is performed with a DNA ligase.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (d) comprises extending a 3′ end of the capture probe using the hybridized fragmented nucleic acid sequence as a template.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the extending step is performed using a DNA polymerase having strand displacement activity.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises performing gap repair of single-stranded breaks in the fragmented nucleic acid sequence, wherein the gap repair is performed after adding the first adapter to the end of the fragmented nucleic acid sequence.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transposome comprises a Tn5 transposase enzyme, a Mu transposase enzyme, a Tn7 transposase enzyme, or functional derivatives thereof.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the Tn5 transposase enzyme comprises a sequence that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and wherein the transposon end sequence comprises a sequence that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein permeabilizing the tissue sample in step (b) comprises an enzymatic permeabilization condition comprising a proteinase K enzyme, a proteinase K-like enzyme, or a functional equivalent thereof comprising a sequence that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining in step (e) comprises sequencing (i) the spatial barcode or the complement thereof, and (ii) the fragmented nucleic acid sequence adjacent to the first adapter and the transposon end sequence or a complement thereof.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises imaging the tissue sample before or after contacting the tissue sample with the array.
22. The method of claim 2 , further comprising at step (d) hybridizing mRNA from the tissue sample to a second capture domain of a second capture probe on the array, wherein the second capture probe comprises a second spatial barcode, a cleavage domain, a functional domain, a unique molecular identifier, or combinations thereof.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising extending the second capture probe using the hybridized mRNA as a template.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the capture domain that hybridizes to the first adaptor and the second capture domain are the same or the capture domain and the second capture domain comprise a poly(T) sequence.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tissue sample is a tissue section, wherein the tissue section is a fresh-frozen tissue section or a fixed tissue section, wherein the fixed tissue section is a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section, a paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue section, a methanol fixed tissue section, or an acetone fixed tissue section.
26. The method of claim 23 , wherein the capture domain that hybridizes to the first adaptor and the second capture domain are different.
27. The method of claim 23 , further comprising determining (i) the sequence of the second spatial barcode or a complement thereof, and (ii) the mRNA sequence or a complement thereof, thereby determining the spatial location of the mRNA in the tissue sample.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the spatial location of the accessible chromatin in the tissue sample is used to generate a genome wide chromatin accessibility map.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the spatial location of the mRNA in the tissue sample is used to generate a spatial transcriptomic profile.
30. The method of claim 29 , comprising correlating the genome wide chromatin accessibility map and the spatial transcriptomic profile to identify changes in gene expression, transcription factor binding, or tissue sample methylation levels.