Composite scaffold for the repair, reconstruction, and regeneration of soft tissues
A composite scaffold having a highly porous interior with increased surface area and void volume is surrounded by a flexible support structure that substantially maintains its three-dimensional shape under tension and provides mechanical reinforcement during repair or reconstruction of soft tissue while simultaneously facilitating regeneration of functional tissue.
1. A composite scaffold comprising:
a three-dimensional support structure defined by first and second outer layers separated by an interior space,
a plurality of spacer elements extending through the interior space and connecting the first and second outer layers; and
a microporous matrix disposed in the interior space and having a multitude of interconnected pores collectively defining void space between first and second outer layers of the support structure.
2. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein at least approximately 60% of the void space comprises pores having a size dimension of at least 10 μm or greater.
3. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein a volume of the void space is between approximately 3.0 cm 3 /gram and 9.0 cm 3 /gram.
4. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein composite scaffold has a cross sectional area of approximately between 3 mm 2 and 250 mm 2 , and
wherein the cross-sectional area changes less than approximately 17% at a strain percentage of 13%.
5. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein a surface area of the composite scaffold is between approximately 0.3 m 2 /gram and 1.5 m 2 /gram.
6. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has an ultimate stress of approximately between 2.5 MPa and 30 MPa.
7. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has a yield stress of approximately between 2.5 MPa and 30 MPa.
8. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has a modulus of approximately between 2.5 MPa and 70 MPa, wherein modulus is calculated using a cross-sectional area of material comprising the composite scaffold and the void space.
9. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has a modulus of approximately between 150 MPa and 600 MPa, wherein modulus is calculated using a cross-sectional area of only material comprising the composite scaffold.
10. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the three-dimensional support structure comprises a three-dimensional textile structure.
11. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the microporous matrix comprises any of a sponge, foam, or textured fibers or yarns, or any combination thereof.
12. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the microporous matrix comprises any of a freeze-dried sponge, open cell extrusion foam, particulate leached sponge, or any combination thereof.
13. The composite scaffold of claim 11 wherein the microporous matrix comprises any of a sponge, foam, or textured fibers or yarns, or any combination thereof disposed within the scaffold by any of knitting, weaving, lyophilization, particulate leaching, open cell extrusion, solvent casting, solid-state foaming, and cross-linking.
14. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the microporous matrix comprises one of collagen and hydrogel.
15. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the three-dimensional support structure comprises monofilament, multifilament, or textured yarns, or any combination thereof, knitted into a three-dimensional structure.
16. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the three-dimensional support structure comprises any combination of synthetic bioresorbable polymers, natural polymers and/or additives.
17. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the three-dimensional support structure comprises any of homopolymers, copolymers, or polymer blends of any of the following: polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, polydioxanone, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho esters), polyphosphazenes, poly (amino acids), polyalkylcyanoacrylates, poly(propylene fumarate, trimethylene carbonate), poly(glycerol sebacate), poly(glyconate), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyurethane, or any combination thereof.
18. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein at least approximately 70% of the void space comprises pores having a size dimension of 10 μm or greater.
19. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein at least approximately 80% of the void space comprises pores having a size dimension of 10 μm or greater.
20. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has a stiffness of approximately between 2.5 N/mm and 25 N/mm.
21. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has an ultimate load of approximately between 20% and 70%.
22. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the composite scaffold has an ultimate load approximately between 100 N and 200 N.
23. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein a surface area of the composite scaffold is between approximately 0.3 m2/gram and 15.0 m2/gram.
24. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein a surface area of the composite scaffold is between approximately 0.6 m2/gram and 1.2 m2/gram.
25. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein a surface area of the composite scaffold is between approximately 0.7 m2/gram and 1.0 m2/gram.
26. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the microporous matrix comprises a multitude of interconnected pores having a median pore size of between approximately 10 μm to 100 μm.
27. The composite scaffold of claim 1 wherein the microporous matrix comprises a multitude of interconnected pores having a median pore size of between approximately 12 μm to 70 μm.
28. The composite scaffold of claim 13 wherein the microporous matrix comprises a multitude of interconnected pores having a median pore size of between approximately 20 μm to 40 μm.