Piezoresistive composites via additive manufacturing and composite filaments associated therewith
Parts made by additive manufacturing are often structural in nature, rather than having functional properties conveyed by a component present therein. Composite filaments suitable for additive manufacturing may comprise a continuous polymer phase of a first thermoplastic polymer and a second thermoplastic polymer that are immiscible with one another, and electrically conductive particles distributed in the continuous polymer phase, such as microparticles, nanoparticles, or any combination thereof. The first thermoplastic polymer is dissolvable or degradable and the second thermoplastic polymer is insoluble or non-degradable under specified conditions. Removal of the first thermoplastic polymer from a printed part may introduce porosity thereto, thereby inducing or enhancing piezoresistivity within the printed part. An aqueous mixture comprising the electrically conductive particles and the first and second thermoplastic polymers may have water removed therefrom, and the resulting composite residue may be extruded to form the composite filaments.
1. A composite filament, comprising:
a continuous polymer phase comprising a first thermoplastic polymer and a second thermoplastic polymer that are immiscible with one another;
wherein the first thermoplastic polymer is dissolvable or degradable under specified conditions, and the second thermoplastic polymer is insoluble or non-degradable under the specified conditions; and
wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are distributed co-continuously in the continuous polymer phase and define an interpenetrating network; and
a plurality of electrically conductive particles distributed in the continuous polymer phase, the plurality of electrically conductive particles comprising microparticles, nanoparticles, or any combination thereof;
wherein the composite filament has a diameter of about 1.0 mm to about 10.0 mm and a spoolable length of at least about 1 foot.
2. The composite filament of claim 1 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer is water-soluble and the second thermoplastic polymer is water-insoluble.
3. The composite filament of claim 2 , wherein at least a majority of the electrically conductive particles are located in the second thermoplastic polymer in the continuous polymer phase.
4. The composite filament of claim 2 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or any combination thereof.
5. The composite filament of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive particles are present in the continuous polymer phase at a particle:polymer weight ratio ranging from about 10:90 to about 95:5, based on total composite mass.
6. The composite filament of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive particles have an average particle size of about 10 microns or less.
7. The composite filament of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive particles comprise a metal, a carbonaceous conductor, or any combination thereof.
8. A method comprising:
providing the composite filament of claim 1 ; and
depositing the composite filament layer-by-layer above a softening temperature thereof to form a printed part.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer is water-soluble and the second thermoplastic polymer is water-insoluble.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
removing at least a portion of the first thermoplastic polymer from the printed part to introduce porosity thereto.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least a majority of the electrically conductive particles are located in the second thermoplastic polymer in the continuous polymer phase.
12. A printed part comprising:
a continuous printed polymer matrix comprising a first thermoplastic polymer and a second thermoplastic polymer that are immiscible with one another;
wherein the first thermoplastic polymer is dissolvable or degradable under specified conditions, and the second thermoplastic polymer is insoluble or non-degradable under the specified conditions; and
wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are distributed co-continuously in the continuous printed polymer matrix and define an interpenetrating network; and
a plurality of electrically conductive particles distributed in the continuous printed polymer matrix, the plurality of electrically conductive particles comprising microparticles, nanoparticles, or any combination thereof.
13. The printed part of claim 12 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer is water-soluble and the second thermoplastic polymer is water-insoluble.
14. The printed part of claim 13 , wherein at least a majority of the electrically conductive particles are located in the second thermoplastic polymer in the continuous printed polymer matrix.
15. The printed part of claim 13 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or any combination thereof.
16. A method comprising:
combining a plurality of electrically conductive particles and a first thermoplastic polymer that is water-soluble with an aqueous dispersion of a second thermoplastic polymer that is water-insoluble to provide a combined aqueous mixture;
removing water from the combined aqueous mixture to provide a composite residue comprising at least a portion of the electrically conductive particles distributed in a continuous polymer phase comprising the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer, the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer being immiscible with one another in the continuous polymer phase,
wherein the first thermoplastic polymer and the second thermoplastic polymer are distributed co-continuously in the composite residue and define an interpenetrating network; and
extruding the composite residue into a composite filament comprising the electrically conductive particles distributed in the continuous polymer phase;
wherein the composite filament has a diameter of about 1.0 mm to about 10.0 mm and a spoolable length of at least about 1 foot.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first thermoplastic polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or any combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein removing water from the combined aqueous mixture comprises casting the combined aqueous mixture as a composite film, and evaporating the water.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
breaking up the composite film into a plurality of composite pieces after evaporating the water therefrom, and
extruding the composite pieces to form the composite filament.