Thermal diode and thermal switch for bi-directional heat transfer in building envelopes
The present disclosure relates to a directional heat transfer using thermal control devices, including a dual phase change thermal diode and an active contact-based thermal switch. The thermal diode includes a positive temperature coefficient switching material and a negative temperature coefficient switching material arranged in series. The thermal switch includes two thermally conducting surfaces which may be moved to contact (i.e., having a distance between them of substantially zero) creating minimal thermal contact resistance. Both thermal control devices may be used to control heat flow into and/or out of a building.
1. A device for performing thermal management, the device comprising:
a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) switching material having a first transition temperature; and
a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) switching material; wherein:
the PTC switching material and NTC switching material are arranged in series,
the PTC switching material is in direct thermal contact with a heat source,
the NTC switching material is in direct thermal contact with a heat sink,
when the heat source is at a first temperature greater than the first transition temperature the PTC switching material is substantially thermally conductive, and
when the heat source is at the first temperature the device allows heat to flow from the heat source to the heat sink.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first temperature is in the range of about 30° C. to about 50° C.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the PTC switching material comprises poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM).
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the NTC switching material comprises calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl 2 ·6)H 2 O).
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the NTC switching material has a second transition temperature.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first transition temperature is between about 30° C. and about 40° C.
7. The device of claim 5 , wherein:
at a second temperature the NTC switching material is not substantially conductive and the device does not allow heat to flow from the heat source to the heat sink.
8. The device of claim 7 , wherein:
the second temperature is less than the first transition temperature.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein:
the device has a thermal rectification of greater than about 2.0.