Index-gradient structures with nanovoided materials and corresponding systems and methods
Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to index-gradient antireflective coatings that include a differential concentration of nanovoids versus thickness of the coating. In one embodiment, an index-gradient antireflective coating may have an index of refraction that varies from a first value to that of a second material. In another embodiment, the substrate may be optically transparent, and made of, for example, polymer, glass, or ceramics. The index-gradient antireflective coating can be fabricated using a non-uniform spin-coating process, by successive thermal evaporation, or by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. In another embodiment, the spin-coating process can include multiple steps that include different concentrations of monomers to solvent, different spin-speeds, or different annealing times/temperatures. Similarly, the thermal evaporation can include multiple steps that include different concentrations of monomers, initiators, solvents, and associated processing parameters. Various other methods, systems, apparatuses, and materials are also disclosed.
1. A method of fabricating an anti-reflective structure comprising a material defining a plurality of nanovoids, the method comprising:
depositing a first fluid on a substrate;
processing the first fluid to form a first region having a first refractive index corresponding to a first concentration of nanovoids per unit volume, the first region comprising a first polymer matrix material defining a first plurality of closed-cell nanovoids;
depositing a second fluid on the first region; and
processing the second fluid to form a second region having a second refractive index corresponding to a second concentration of nanovoids per unit volume, the second region comprising a second polymer matrix material defining a second plurality of closed-cell nanovoids,
wherein the closed-cell nanovoids in at least one of the first region or the second region are defined by another polymer material coating interior regions of the polymer matrix.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first region has a first refractive index of approximately 1.15 and the second region has a second refractive index greater than approximately 1.3.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-reflective structure is fabricated using a non-uniform spin-coating process.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:
depositing the first fluid and processing the first fluid comprise dispensing the first fluid onto a surface of the substrate at a first radial position while spinning the substrate at a first angular velocity; and
depositing the second fluid and processing the second fluid comprise dispensing the second fluid onto the first region at a second radial position while spinning the substrate at a second angular velocity.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-reflective structure is fabricated using a thermal evaporation process.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein:
depositing the first fluid comprises depositing a first vapor onto a surface of the substrate to generate the first region; and
depositing the second fluid comprises depositing a second vapor onto the first region to generate the second region.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first fluid has a first concentration of monomers; and
the second fluid has a second concentration of monomers.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the first concentration and the second concentration are different.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first region or the second region comprises at least one of a polymer or an oxide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fabricated anti-reflective structure has an optical thickness of about one half of a central wavelength of a spectral region for which a reflectance is to be reduced.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
processing the first fluid comprises processing the first fluid at a first temperature for a first duration to generate the first region; and
processing the second fluid comprises processing the second fluid at a second temperature for a second duration to generate the second region.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
processing the first fluid comprises processing the first fluid with actinic light to generate the first region; and
processing the second fluid comprises processing the second fluid with actinic light to generate the second region.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first fluid comprises a first vapor comprising a solvent and a monomer, the first vapor having a first ratio of the solvent to the monomer; and
the second fluid comprises a second vapor comprising a solvent and a monomer, the second vapor having a second ratio of the solvent to the monomer.
14. A method of fabricating an optical system, the method comprising:
providing an optical element;
depositing a first fluid on a surface of the optical element;
processing the first fluid to form a first region having a first refractive index corresponding to a first concentration of nanovoids per unit volume, the first region comprising a first polymer matrix material defining a first plurality of closed-cell nanovoids;
depositing a second fluid on the first region; and
processing the second fluid to form a second region having a second refractive index corresponding to a second concentration of nanovoids per unit volume, the second region comprising a second polymer matrix material defining a second plurality of closed-cell nanovoids,
wherein the closed-cell nanovoids in at least one of the first region or the second region are defined by another polymer material coating interior regions of the polymer matrix.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the optical system includes at least one of an augmented reality functionality, a virtual reality functionality, or a mixed reality functionality.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the optical element comprises a lens, a mirror, or a polarizer.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first region has a first refractive index of approximately 1.15 and the second region has a second refractive index greater than approximately 1.3.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein:
processing the first fluid comprises processing the first fluid at a first temperature for a first duration to generate the first region; and
processing the second fluid comprises processing the second fluid at a second temperature for a second duration to generate the second region.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein:
the first fluid comprises a first vapor comprising a solvent and a monomer, the first vapor having a first ratio of the solvent to the monomer; and
the second fluid comprises a second vapor comprising a solvent and a monomer, the second vapor having a second ratio of the solvent to the monomer.
20. A method of fabricating an anti-reflective structure comprising a material defining a plurality of nanovoids, the method comprising:
depositing a first fluid on a substrate;
processing the first fluid to form a first region having a first refractive index corresponding to a first concentration of nanovoids per unit volume, the first region comprising a first polymer matrix material defining a first plurality of closed-cell nanovoids;
depositing a second fluid on the first region such that the second fluid overlaps the first region in a thickness direction; and
processing the second fluid to form a second region having a second refractive index corresponding to a second concentration of nanovoids per unit volume, the second region comprising a second polymer matrix material defining a second plurality of closed-cell nanovoids,
wherein the closed-cell nanovoids in at least one of the first region or the second region are defined by another polymer material coating interior regions of the polymer matrix.