Pulsed neutron apparatus and method for using same to analyze core samples
An apparatus for analyzing a core sample obtained from a subterranean formation includes a neutron generator, a plurality of detectors, a computed tomography scanner, an information processing device, and a transport system. The neutron generator can operate in a pulsed mode and emit neutrons into the core sample.
1. An apparatus for analyzing a core sample obtained from a subterranean formation, comprising:
(a) a neutron generator configured to operate in a pulsed mode and emit neutrons into the core sample, the neutrons including fast neutrons;
(b) a plurality of detectors that includes:
at least one gamma detector configured to estimate a gamma pulse-height spectrum that results from emitted neutrons interacting with the core sample,
a plurality of fast neutron detectors generating at least a first count rate and a second count rate, the plurality of fast neutrons including at least: (i) first fast neutron detector configured to generate the first count rate by monitoring the neutron generator output and counting the number of fast neutrons coming from the neutron generator over a period of time, and (ii) a second fast neutron detector configured to generate the second count rate by counting the number of fast neutrons that are transmitted through the core sample over the period of time,
at least one thermal neutron detector configured to generate a third count rate by counting a number of thermal neutrons over the period of time, the thermal neutrons being emitted neutrons that have been slowed down to thermal energies by passing through the core sample, and
at least one epithermal neutron detector configured to generate a fourth count rate by counting a number of epithermal neutrons over the period of time, the epithermal neutrons being emitted neutrons that have been slowed down to epithermal energies by passing through the core sample but still have more energy than thermal neutrons;
(c) a computed tomography scanner in which a conical beam of X-rays is aimed at the sample and an opposing detector, both of which may be rotated around the sample;
(d) an information processing device in signal communication with the plurality of detectors and configured to separate count events on a nanosecond time scale; and
(e) a transport system configured to allow relative movement between the core sample and the plurality of detectors and between the core sample and the neutron generator.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the neutron generator is a deuterium-tritium neutron generator that emits 10 7 or more 14.1 MeV neutrons per second, and wherein the neutron generator has a frequency ranging from 10 to 10 6 cycles per second, and a duty cycle ranging from 5% to 100%.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one gamma detector includes one of: (i) a scintillator coupled to fast photomultiplier tube, and (ii) a high-purity germanium semiconductor detector.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a shielded collimator located between the core sample and the at least one gamma detector, the shielded collimator configured to restrict gamma measurement to a selected region of the core sample.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first fast neutron detector and the second fast neutron detector include one of: (i) scintillator coupled to fast photomultiplier tube, and (ii) a diamond detector.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one thermal neutron detector includes one of: (i) a scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube, (ii) a 3 He or 10 B gas discharge tube, and (iii) a 6 Li glass coupled to a photomultiplier tube.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one epithermal neutron detector, such as any of the thermal neutron counters mentioned above, which has been wrapped in Cd or a similar material.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a first moderator located between the neutron generator and the core sample, the first moderator configured to at least one of: (i) slow a fraction of the high-energy neutrons emitted by the generator, and (ii) scatter the fraction of the high-energy neutrons emitted by the neutron generator.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a second moderator located between the core sample and the plurality of detectors.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the transport system is further configured to permit measurements to be made along the length of the core sample by an operating mode selected from one of: (i) continuously, (ii) at discrete intervals.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an inner core barrel in which the core sample is encapsulated and hermetically sealed, wherein the neutron generator is configured to emit the neutrons through the inner core barrel and wherein the plurality of detectors detect fast neutrons, thermal neutrons, epithermal neutrons that have passed through the inner core barrel, and gamma rays emitted by neutrons interacting with the core sample.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 where computed tomography is required to
(a) provide a radial and longitudinal estimate of the density of the core sample,
(b) and estimate the Pe of the core sample,
(c) and provide an image of the interior of a core barrel, along with estimates of the volumes of core sample and fluid within the barrel.
13. A method for analyzing a core sample obtained from a subterranean formation, comprising:
(a) generating a first information set by analyzing the core sample using the nuclear features (a) and (b) of claim 1 ;
(b) generating a second information set by analyzing the core sample using the computerized tomography scanner feature of claim 1 (c); and
(c) estimating a selected parameter of interest relating to the subterranean formation using the first information set and the second information set.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
using the second information set to estimate at least one property of the core sample selected from one of: (i) density, (ii) Pe, and (iii) volume; and
using the estimated at least one properly to identify for the core sample at least one of: (i) a lithology and (ii) mineralogical composition.
15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising: estimating a neutron porosity of the core sample using the first information set, the first information set including at least the first count rate, the second count rate, the third count rate, and the fourth count rate.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising: estimating the neutron porosity by also using an estimated value of a property of the core sample, the property being at least one of: density, Pe, and volume.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising estimating the neutron porosity by also using at least one of: (i) an estimated lithology of the core sample, (ii) geometry and position of the core sample within the inner barrel, (iii) type and location of drilling fluid encased in the inner barrel, and (iv) salinity of fluid within pore spaces of the core sample.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising estimating water saturation of the core sample by using the estimated neutron porosity, the estimated capture cross section of the formation, and the capture cross sections of the pore-space fluids and the matrix.
19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising estimating hydrocarbon saturation of the core sample from a measurement of a ratio of carbon and oxygen yields in the subterranean formation, an estimated core sample porosity, and core sample lithology.
20. The method of claim 13 , further comprising: using an inner core barrel to encapsulate and hermetically seal the core sample, wherein the neutron generator is configured to emit the neutrons through the inner core barrel and wherein the plurality of detectors detect fast neutrons, thermal neutrons, epithermal neutrons that have passed through the inner core barrel, and gamma rays emitted from neutrons interacting with the core sample.