Methods of improving, optimizing, or maximizing proppant suspension during formation fracturing
Compositions and methods of fracturing including a hydrophobic rendered proppant or a proppant slurry and a fracturing fluid including an aqueous base fluid, a viscosifying agent or mixture of viscosifying agents, and an enhancing proppant suspending composition including an aldehyde, a mixture of aldehydes, a ketone, a mixture of ketones, or mixtures thereof, and optionally a crosslinking agent or a mixture of crosslinking agents.
1. A method comprising:
pumping or injecting, into a formation under fracturing conditions, a fracturing fluid comprising:
an aqueous base fluid including at least 5,000 ppm total dissolved solids,
a friction reducer, a high viscosity friction reducer, or mixtures thereof,
an effective amount of an enhancing proppant suspending composition comprising:
one or more aldehydes,
one or more ketones, or
mixtures or combinations thereof,
one or more hydrophobic modified proppants, and
no ammonium based quaternary salts,
wherein the effective amount is between about 1 ppm and 1,000 ppm and is sufficient to suspend the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants in the fracturing fluid reducing proppant settling during the pumping or injecting step.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting step:
the one or more aldehydes comprising compounds of the formula:
R—CHO
R is a hydrocarbyl group having between 1 and about 40 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 40 aldehydes), and one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen atoms;
the one or more ketones comprising compounds of the formula:
R′—C(O)—R″
R′ and R″ are independently a hydrocarbyl group having between 1 and about 40 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 40 ketones), and one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen atoms.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting step:
the aldehydes comprising formaldehydes, ethanal, propanals, butanals, pentanals, hexanals, heptanals, octanals, nonanals, decanals, undecanals, dodecanals, tridecanals, tetradecanals, pentadecanals, higher alkanals, substituted analogs thereof, and mixtures or combinations thereof,
the ketones comprising acetone, butanones, pentanones, pentanones, hexanones, heptanones, octanones, nonanones, decanones, undecanones, dodecanones, tridecanones, tetradecanones, pentadecanones, higher alkanones, substituted analogs thereof, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting step:
the aqueous base fluid comprising a brackish water, a produced water, a flow back water, a reclaimed water, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting stem:
the fracturing fluid further comprising one or more viscosifying agents.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting stem:
the fracturing fluid further comprising:
one or more crosslinking agents comprising borates, borates related crosslinkers, zirconates, zirconate derivatives, aluminates, aluminate derivatives, or mixtures thereof, and
one or more crosslinking delay agents.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting step:
the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants comprising one or more hydrophobic resin-coated proppants.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting step:
the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants comprising one or more proppants coated with a coating composition comprising an organosilane, a fluoro-organosiloxane, a fluoro-organosilane, a siloxane, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein, in the pumping or injecting step:
the fracturing fluid further comprising:
a hydrophobic coating composition comprising:
an organosilane,
a fluoro-organosiloxane,
a fluoro-organosilane,
a siloxane, or
mixtures thereof,
the hydrophobic coating composition coats one or more proppants in situ to form the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants.
10. A method comprising:
pumping or injecting, into a formation under fracturing conditions, a first fracturing fluid comprising:
an aqueous base fluid including at least 5,000 ppm total dissolved solids,
one or more friction reducers, and
no proppant, and
pumping or injecting, into the formation under fracturing conditions, a second fracturing fluid comprising:
an aqueous base fluid including at least 5,000 ppm total dissolved solids,
a friction reducer, a high viscosity friction reducer, or mixtures thereof,
an effective amount of an enhancing proppant suspending composition comprising:
one or more aldehydes,
one or more ketones, or
mixtures or combinations thereof,
one or more hydrophobic modified proppants, and
no ammonium based quaternary salts, and
wherein the effective amount is between about 1 ppm and 1,000 ppm and is sufficient to suspend the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants in the fracturing fluid reducing proppant settling during the second pumping or injecting step.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the second or injecting pumping step:
the one or more aldehydes comprising compounds of the formula:
R—CHO
R is a hydrocarbyl group having between 1 and about 40 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 40 aldehydes), and one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen atoms,
the one or more ketones comprising compounds of the formula:
R′—C(O)—R″
R′ and R″ are independently a hydrocarbyl group having between 1 and about 40 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 40 ketones), and one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen atoms.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein, in the second pumping or injecting step:
the aldehydes comprising formaldehydes, ethanal, propanals, butanals, pentanals, hexanals, heptanals, octanals, nonanals, decanals, undecanals, dodecanals, tridecanals, tetradecanals, pentadecanals, higher alkanals, substituted analogs thereof, and mixtures or combinations thereof,
in the ketones comprising acetone, butanones, pentanones, pentanones, hexanones, heptanones, octanones, nonanones, decanones, undecanones, dodecanones, tridecanones, tetradecanones, pentadecanones, higher alkanones, substituted analogs thereof, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the first and second pumping or injecting steps:
the aqueous base fluids comprising a brackish water, a produced water, a flow back water, a reclaimed water, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the first and second pumping or injecting steps:
the first fracturing fluid further comprising one or more viscosifying agents, and/or
the second fracturing fluid further comprising one or more viscosifying agents.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein, in the first and second pumping or injecting steps:
the first fracturing fluid further comprising:
one or more crosslinking agents comprising borates, borates related crosslinkers, zirconates, zirconate derivatives, aluminates, aluminate derivatives, or mixtures thereof, and
one or more crosslinking delay agents or a mixture of crosslinking delay agents, the second fracturing fluid further comprising:
one or more crosslinking agents comprising borates, borates related crosslinkers, zirconates, zirconate derivatives, aluminates, aluminate derivatives, or mixtures thereof, and
one or more crosslinking delay agents.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the second pumping or injecting step:
the one or more hydrophobic proppants comprising one or more hydrophobic resin-coated proppants.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the second pumping or injecting step:
the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants comprising one or more proppants coated with a coating composition comprising an organosilane, a fluoro-organosiloxane, a fluoro-organosilane, a siloxane, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the second pumping or injecting step:
the second fracturing fluid further comprising:
a coating composition comprising:
an organosilane,
a fluoro-organosiloxane,
a fluoro-organosilane,
a siloxane, or
mixtures thereof,
the hydrophobic coating composition coats the one or more proppants in situ to form the one or more hydrophobic modified proppants.
19. The method of claim 10 , wherein, in the first pumping or injecting step:
the first fracturing fluid further comprising one or more quaternary salts comprising compounds of the general formula:
R 1 R 2 R 3 ArN + X −
R′, R 2 , and R 3 are the same or different and are hydrogen atoms or substitutes selected from the group consisting of carbyl groups, hydrocarbyl groups, alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkaaryl groups, aralkyl groups, and mixtures thereof having between 1 and 40 carbon atoms, wherein one or more of the carbon atoms may be replace by an oxygen atom,
Ar is an aryl group, alkaaryl groups, aralkyl groups, and mixtures thereof having between 5 and 40 carbon atoms, wherein one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced with an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atoms, or mixtures thereof, and
X − is a counterion.