Method of making copper foam ball
A metal foam ball, several millimeters in diameter, is manufactured to have an open-pore structure to absorb fluid (e.g., gas and liquid) such as water or lubricant. As an example, a copper foam ball is manufactured via a freeze casting method using prepared oxide powder slurry where a spherical silica gel mold is used to freeze the slurry, which is subsequently dried at low temperature in vacuum and then sintered at high temperature. For improved oxidation, copper alloy foam ball or copper foam ball coated with tin can also be manufactured through the same method. For improved strength, steel, copper-nickel alloy, or titanium foam ball can also be manufactured through the same method.
1 . A method of manufacturing of a metal-foam ball comprising a three dimensionally connected pore structure with its porosity ranging from about 50 percent to about 90 percent,
wherein the three dimensionally connected pore structure is formed using water by way of a freeze-casting method comprising
mixing metal or metal oxide particles in deionized water and a polyvinyl alcohol binder to obtain a slurry,
injecting the slurry into a spherical mold, the spherical mold having a volume that is about 20 percent to about 170 percent larger than a volume of the metal-foam ball,
freezing the slurry in the mold at a temperature from about-20 degrees Celsius to about −100 degrees Celsius to obtain a frozen metal or metal oxide ball, and
freeze drying the frozen metal or metal oxide ball.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the metal-foam ball has an open-pore structure being capable of absorbing water or lubricant and is used as a micro ball bearing.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the manufacturing process to form the metal-foam ball material comprises the freeze casting method comprising a powder slurry freezing in any preshaped spherical mold with a desired diameter.
4 . The method of claim 3 wherein the preshaped spherical mold is made of a silica gel or silicone mold of spherical shape, and the mold is flexible.
5 . The method of claim 3 wherein a final diameter of the metal-foam ball ranges from 2 millimeters to 25 millimeters upon sintering.
6 . The method of claim 1 wherein the metal-foam ball material comprises at least one of copper, copper-tin alloy, copper-zinc alloy, copper-nickel alloy, copper-silicon alloy, copper-aluminum alloy, nickel, zinc, tin, gold, silver, iron, steel, aluminum, or titanium, or a combination.
7 . The method of claim 6 wherein the copper-nickel alloy material is the copper-nickel alloy foam ball of Cu(subscript(x))Ni(subscript(1-x)) where x is a value in a range from 0.1 to 0.9.
8 . The method of claim 3 wherein the metal-foam ball material comprises copper, and the copper foam ball is etched in hydrochloric or diluted hydrochloric acid solution from about 3 seconds to about 3 minutes to obtain a purer copper foam ball by removing a copper oxide layer formed on the surface upon sintering.
9 . The method of claim 3 wherein the metal-foam ball material comprises copper coated with tin via an electroless plating process comprising the immersion of the sintered copper foam ball into a tin plating solution.
10 . The method of claim 3 wherein the power slurry is obtained by mixing a copper or copper oxide powder in water or camphene as a solvent in a volume fraction of between about 7 volume percent to about 22 volume percent for the preparation of slurry following the addition of about 1 weight-percent to about 4 weight-percent binder.
11 . The method of claim 3 wherein the manufacturing process to form the metal-foam ball material comprises a freeze casting method comprising a metal or metal-oxide powder slurry freezing or drying, or both, to form a green body.
12 . The method of claim 11 wherein the prepared powder slurry is frozen and dried at a temperature between −10 Celsius and −80 degrees Celsius to form the green body.
13 . The method of claim 11 wherein the green body is reduced at a temperature from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius.
14 . The method of claim 11 comprising
reducing the green body at a temperature from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius, and
after reducing, sintering at a temperature from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 1000 degrees Celsius,
wherein the reducing and sintering of the green body forms a three dimensionally connected pore structure.
15 . The method of claim 1 wherein the metal-foam ball comprises the three dimensionally connected pore structure in the entire interior of the foam.
16 . A method of manufacturing of a metal-foam ball comprising a three dimensionally connected pore structure with its porosity ranging from about 50 percent to about 90 percent,
wherein the three dimensionally connected pore structure is formed using water by way of a freeze-casting method comprising
mixing metal or metal oxide particles in deionized water and a polyvinyl alcohol binder to obtain a slurry,
injecting the slurry into a spherical mold,
freezing the slurry in the mold at a first temperature from about −20 degrees Celsius to about −100 degrees Celsius to obtain a frozen metal or metal oxide ball,
freeze drying the frozen metal or metal oxide ball, and
sintering the frozen metal or metal oxide ball to obtain a sintered metal-foam ball, wherein a volume of the spherical mold is larger by about 20 percent to about 170 percent than a final desired volume of a sintered metal-foam ball.
17 . The method of claim 16 wherein the sintered metal-foam ball comprises the three dimensionally connected pore structure in the entire interior of the foam.
18 . The method of claim 16 wherein the sintered metal-foam ball comprises a final diameter ranging from 2 millimeters to 25 millimeters.
19 . The method of claim 16 wherein the sintered metal-foam ball comprises a three-dimensionally connected pore structure with porosity ranging from about 50 percent to about 90 percent and open pore structure, capable of absorbing water or lubricant.
20 . The method of claim 16 wherein the freeze-casting method comprises
reducing the frozen metal or metal oxide ball at a temperature from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius.
21 . The method of claim 20 wherein the sintering the frozen metal or metal oxide ball is at a temperature from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 1000 degrees Celsius.
22 . The method of claim 16 wherein the sintering the frozen metal or metal oxide ball is at a temperature from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 1000 degrees Celsius.
23 . The method of claim 11 wherein the green body is sintered at temperature from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 1000 degrees Celsius.
24 . The method of claim 12 wherein the green body is reduced at a temperature from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius.
25 . The method of claim 12 wherein the green body is sintered at temperature from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 1000 degrees Celsius.
26 . The method of claim 12 comprising
reducing the green body at a temperature from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 350 degrees Celsius, and
after reducing, sintering at a temperature from about 700 degrees Celsius to about 1000 degrees Celsius,
wherein the reducing and sintering of the green body forms a three dimensionally connected pore structure.