Ultrasonic treatment for microstructure refinement of continuously cast products
Described herein are techniques for improving the grain structure of a metal product by applying ultrasonic energy to a continuously cast metal product at a position downstream from the casting region and allowing the ultrasonic energy to propagate through the metal product to the solidification region. At the solidification region, the ultrasonic energy can interact with the growing metal grains, such as to deagglomerate and disperse nucleating particles and to disrupt and fragment dendrites as they grow, which can promote additional nucleation and result in smaller grain sizes.
1. A method of making an aluminum alloy product, the method comprising:
continuously casting a molten aluminum alloy in a continuous caster to form a cast aluminum alloy product;
applying ultrasonic frequency energy to the cast aluminum alloy product at a position downstream from the continuous caster, wherein applying ultrasonic frequency energy comprises subjecting the cast aluminum alloy product to ultrasonic frequency magnetohydrodynamic forces, wherein the ultrasonic frequency energy propagates through the cast aluminum alloy product to a solidification region of the cast aluminum alloy product within the continuous caster;
detecting ultrasonic frequency energy using an acoustic sensor or receiver positioned at a location upstream of the solidification region, wherein the acoustic sensor or receiver is coupled to a launder or tundish providing the molten aluminum alloy to the continuous caster; and
controlling one or more of an amplitude, frequency, or phase of the ultrasonic frequency energy using a signal derived from the ultrasonic frequency energy detected using the acoustic sensor or receiver.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic frequency energy further comprises generating ultrasonic longitudinal waves using a sonotrode or ultrasonic transducer coupled to pinch rolls located at the position downstream from the continuous caster.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic frequency energy further comprises generating ultrasonic transverse waves using a mechanical or electromechanical actuator and applied by pinch rolls located at the position downstream from the continuous caster.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein ultrasonic frequency magnetohydrodynamic forces are generated using a static magnetic field and an ultrasonic frequency electric field.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the ultrasonic frequency electric field is generated using an alternating current voltage source.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the static magnetic field is generated using a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein ultrasonic frequency magnetohydrodynamic forces are generated using an ultrasonic frequency magnetic field and a static electric field.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the ultrasonic frequency magnetic field is generated using an electromagnet driven by an alternating current source.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the static electric field is generated using a direct current voltage source.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic frequency energy has a frequency from about 10 kHz to about 100 kHz.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
modifying a position of application or generation of the ultrasonic frequency energy using a signal derived from the ultrasonic frequency energy detected using the acoustic sensor or receiver.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic frequency energy physically interacts with growing metal grains in the solidification region.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic frequency energy fragments dendrites, or disperses or deagglomerates nucleation sites in the solidification region.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum alloy comprises a 1xxx series aluminum alloy, a 3xxx series aluminum alloy, a 4xxx series aluminum alloy, or a 5xxx series aluminum alloy.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum alloy comprises a 2xxx series aluminum alloy, a 6xxx series aluminum alloy, or a 7xxx series aluminum alloy.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum alloy comprises an 8xxx series aluminum alloy.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum alloy comprises a magnesium-containing aluminum alloy.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum alloy comprises a copper-containing aluminum alloy.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising examining a grain structure of the cast aluminum alloy product and adjusting application of the ultrasonic frequency energy to modify the grain structure.