Multiphoton imaging methods in a scattering and/or absorbing medium, and articles
The present disclosure provides a multiphoton imaging method. The method includes a) immersing a semi-submersible microscope objective in a liquid medium that is at least one of scattering or absorbing; b) directing laser light through the semi-submersible microscope objective and into the liquid medium in an image-wise manner under conditions such that multiphoton absorption by the multiphoton absorber occurs, and at least partial polymerization of the polymerizable compound occurs resulting in an article; and c) removing uncured polymerizable compound to clean the article. The liquid medium includes a polymerizable compound, a secondary component, and a multiphoton absorber. An article is also provided. The article includes a material defining one or more tortuous or arcuate channels, one or more internal architectural voids, one or more undercuts, one or more perforations, or combinations thereof, at least one of which exhibits a surface roughness of 1.0 micrometer R a or less.
1 . A multiphoton imaging method comprising:
a) immersing a semi-submersible microscope objective in a liquid medium that is at least one of scattering or absorbing, the liquid medium comprising a polymerizable compound, a multiphoton absorber, and a secondary component comprising a filler comprising one or both of a plurality of particles or fibers, wherein the semi-submersible microscope objective comprises:
i) a microscope objective having a protective barrel with an optical inlet and optical outlet; and
ii) a protective element affixed to the microscope objective, sealing the optical outlet but not the optical inlet, wherein a transparent portion of the protective element is aligned with the optical outlet;
b) directing laser light through the semi-submersible microscope objective and into the liquid medium in an image-wise manner under conditions such that multiphoton absorption by the multiphoton absorber occurs, and at least partial polymerization of the polymerizable compound occurs resulting in an article; and
c) removing uncured polymerizable compound to clean the article.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a distance between the transparent portion of the protective element and the optical outlet of the microscope objective is adjustable.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the filler comprises amorphous, semicrystalline, or crystalline particles selected from metal, ceramic, polymer, carbon, organic semiconductors, inorganic semiconductors, or a combination thereof.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the filler is dispersed in the liquid medium.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the filler comprises ceramic particles.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid medium exhibits a minimum mismatch of refractive index between the polymerizable compound and the secondary component of 0.02 or greater, 0.03 or greater, 0.04 or greater, 0.05 or greater, 0.06 or greater, 0.07 or greater, 0.08 or greater, 0.09 or greater, 0.1 or greater, 0.12 or greater, 0.14 or greater, 0.15 or greater, 0.16 or greater, 0.18 or greater, 0.2 or greater, 0.25 or greater, 0.3 or greater, 0.35 or greater, 0.4 or greater, 0.45 or greater, 0.5 or greater, 0.55 or greater, 0.6 or greater, 0.65 or greater, 0.7 or greater, or 0.75 or greater.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid medium further comprises a secondary absorbing, stabilizing, or inhibiting material.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the laser light travels into the liquid medium a distance of 10 micrometers or greater, 20 micrometers or greater, 30 micrometers or greater, 40 micrometers or greater, 50 micrometers or greater, 60 micrometers or greater, 70 micrometers or greater, 80 micrometers or greater, 90 micrometers or greater, or 100 micrometers or greater; and the laser light travels into the liquid medium a distance of 1 millimeter or less, 900 micrometers or less, 800 micrometers or less, 700 micrometers or less, 600 micrometers or less, 500 micrometers or less, 400 micrometers or less, 300 micrometers or less, 200 micrometers or less, or 150 micrometers or less.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a field of view of the microscope objective is 100 micrometers or greater, 200 micrometers or greater, 300 micrometers or greater, 400 micrometers or greater, 500 micrometers or greater, 600 micrometers or greater, 700 micrometers or greater, 800 micrometers or greater, 900 micrometers or greater; and the field of view of the microscope objective is 10 millimeters (mm) or less, 8 mm or less, 6 mm or less, 4 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2.5 mm or less, 2 mm or less, 1.5 mm or less, or 1 mm or less.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the laser light has a focal length of 200 micrometers greater than a distance that the laser light travels into the liquid medium, 300 micrometers or greater, 400 micrometers or greater, 500 micrometers or greater, 600 micrometers or greater, 700 micrometers or greater, 800 micrometers or greater, 900 micrometers or greater, 1.0 mm or greater, 1.2 mm or greater, 1.4 mm or greater, 1.6 mm or greater, 1.8 mm or greater, 2.0 mm or greater, 2.2 mm or greater, 2.4 mm or greater, 2.6 mm or greater, 2.8 mm or greater, 3.0 mm or greater, 3.0 mm or greater, 3.2 mm or greater, or 3.4 mm or greater than a distance that the laser light travels into the liquid medium; and 5 mm or less than a distance that the laser light travels into the liquid medium.
11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
d) burning out polymerized material; and
e) sintering the article to form a ceramic article.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the ceramic article is an orthodontic article or dental restoration.
13 . An article made by the method of claim 1 .