Multilevel converter for voltage conversion between a three-phase AC voltage and a DC voltage
Disclosed herein is a multilevel converter ( 50 ) for voltage conversion between a three-phase AC voltage and a DC voltage, comprising three converter arms ( 58 ), each having a first end ( 60 ) for connecting to a corresponding phase of a three-phase AC voltage source ( 52 ) and a second end ( 62 ), wherein each converter arm ( 58 ) comprises a plurality of sequentially interconnected modules ( 64 ), a main energy store ( 54 ) having a positive terminal ( 76 ) connected or connectable to a positive conduction line ( 78 ) and a negative terminal ( 80 ), a switching arrangement ( 84 ), a control system ( 92 ), configured to establish a positive state, in which the negative conduction line ( 82 ) is connected with a star point ( 56 ) of said three-phase AC voltage source ( 52 ) and the positive conduction line ( 78 ) is connected with the second end ( 62 ) of one or two converter arms ( 58 ) to which a positive phase voltage is currently applied, and a negative state, in which the positive conduction line ( 78 ) is connected with said star point ( 56 ) of said three-phase AC voltage source, and the negative conduction line ( 82 ) is connected with the second end ( 62 ) of one or two converter arms ( 58 ) to which a negative phase voltage is currently applied.
1. A multilevel converter for voltage conversion between a three-phase AC voltage and a DC voltage, comprising:
three converter arms, each having a first end for connecting to a corresponding phase of a three-phase AC voltage source and a second end, wherein each converter arm comprises a plurality of sequentially interconnected modules, wherein each module comprises:
at least one first terminal and at least one second terminal,
an energy storage element for storing electrical energy and
a plurality of module switches,
wherein in each two adjacent modules, the at least one first terminal of one module is connected either directly or via an intermediate component to the at least one second terminal of the other module,
wherein said plurality of module switches of the modules allow for selectively deactivating the energy storage element of each module, for connecting energy storage elements of adjacent modules in series, and for connecting energy storage elements of at least some adjacent modules in anti-series,
a main energy store, or interfaces for connecting the main energy store, said main energy store having a positive terminal connected or connectable to a positive conduction line and a negative terminal connected or connectable to a negative conduction line of said multilevel converter,
a switching arrangement for selectively connecting said positive and negative conduction lines with selected second ends of said converter arms, and
a control system for controlling said switching arrangement based on current phase voltages of said three-phase AC voltage source,
wherein said switching arrangement is configured to establish, under the control of said control system,
a positive state, in which the negative conduction line is connected with a star point of said three-phase AC voltage source and the positive conduction line is connected with the second end of one or two converter arms to which a positive phase voltage is currently applied, and
a negative state, in which the positive conduction line is connected with said star point of said three-phase AC voltage source, and the negative conduction line is connected with the second end of one or two converter arms to which a negative phase voltage is currently applied,
wherein said positive and negative states are established alternatingly, but not simultaneously.
2. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein in said positive state, the second end of each converter arm to which currently a negative voltage is supplied is disconnected at least from the positive conduction line, and wherein in said negative state, the second end of each converter arm to which currently a positive voltage is supplied is disconnected at least from the negative conduction line.
3. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said switching arrangement comprises three half-bridge branches, each connected between said positive and negative conduction lines and comprising a series connection of a high-side switch which is closer to said positive conduction line and a low-side switch which is closer to said negative conduction line, wherein the second end of each converter arm is connected with an intermediate point between the high-and low-side switches in a corresponding one of the half-bridge branches.
4. The multilevel converter of claim 3 , wherein in establishing said positive state, the control system is configured to close the high-side switch and to open the low-side switch in at least one half-bridge branch connected with a converter arm to which a positive phase voltage is currently applied, and to open at least the high-side switch in each half-bridge branch connected with a converter arm to which a negative phase voltage is currently applied,
and wherein in establishing said negative state, the control system is configured to close the low-side switch and to open the high-side switch in at least one half-bridge branch connected with a converter arm to which a negative phase voltage is currently applied, and to open at least the low-side switch in each half-bridge branch connected with a converter arm to which a positive phase voltage is currently applied.
5. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said switching arrangement comprises a fourth half-bridge branch connected between said positive and negative conduction lines and comprising a series connection of a high-side switch which is closer to said positive conduction line and a low-side switch which closer to said negative conduction line, wherein an intermediate point between the high-and low-side switches in the fourth half-bridge branch is connected with said star point of said three-phase AC voltage source, and wherein said control system is configured to control said high-side and low-side switches of the fourth half-bridge branch to be open and closed, respectively, in the positive state, and to be closed and open, respectively, in the negative state.
6. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said three-phase AC voltage source provides three sinusoidal voltage phases having an identical amplitude Up, or amplitudes that differ at most by ±10% from each other, and a mutual phase shift of 120°+10%.
7. The multilevel converter of claim 6 , wherein said main energy store has a nominal voltage U 0 , and wherein the following relationship applies:
U P =a·U 0 , wherein a≤0.85.
8. The multilevel converter of claim 7 , wherein said main energy store has a nominal voltage U 0 , and wherein U 0 =400 V±10% and U P =325.3 V±10%.
9. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said main energy store is a battery of an electric vehicle, and the multilevel converter serves as a charging converter for charging said battery using three-phase electric power.
10. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein the main energy store has a nominal voltage U 0 , wherein said multilevel converter comprises 1 st to M-th modules, and wherein the energy storage elements of the n-th module among said modules has a nominal voltage Uo/2 n , with n=1 . . . . M.
11. The multilevel converter of claim 10 , wherein 2≤M≤6.
12. The multilevel converter of claim 10 , wherein 3≤M≤5.
13. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said control system is configured to balance the voltages of the energy storage elements of said modules, by determining a number of possible switching states of the individual modules that lead to a desired voltage between the first and second ends of a converter arm, and by selecting switching states among said possible switching states such that the voltages of the energy storage elements on average approach their nominal values.
14. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein the control system is configured to establish a plurality of different switching states among said possible switching states of the individual modules one after another while maintaining the voltage between the first and second ends of said converter arm.
15. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said energy storage element is a capacitor.
16. The multilevel converter of claim 1 , wherein said main energy store is a battery.
17. A method for converting a voltage between a three-phase AC voltage and a DC voltage using a multilevel converter,
wherein said multilevel converter comprises three converter arms, each having a first end for connecting to a corresponding phase of a three-phase AC voltage source and a second end, wherein each converter arm comprises a plurality of sequentially interconnected modules, wherein each module comprises
at least one first terminal and at least one second terminal,
an energy storage element for storing electrical energy, and
a plurality of module switches,
wherein in each two adjacent modules, the at least one first terminal of one module is connected either directly or via an intermediate component to the at least one second terminal of the other module,
a main energy store, or interfaces for connecting the main energy store, said main energy store having a positive terminal connected or connectable to a positive conduction line and a negative terminal connected or connectable to a negative conduction line of said converter,
a switching arrangement for selectively connecting said positive and negative conduction lines with selected second ends of said converter arms, and
a control system for controlling said switching arrangement based on current phase voltages of said three-phase AC voltage source,
wherein said method comprises operating said plurality of module switches of the modules such as to one or more of selectively deactivate the energy storage element of a given module, connect energy storage elements of adjacent modules in series, and connect energy storage elements of adjacent modules in anti-series, to thereby establish a predetermined voltage between the first and second ends of said converter arms,
wherein the method further comprises establishing alternatingly, but not simultaneously, a positive state, in which the negative conduction line is connected with a star point of said three-phase AC voltage source and the positive conduction line is connected with the second end of one or two converter arms to which a positive phase voltage is currently applied, and
a negative state, in which the positive conduction line is connected with said star point of said three-phase AC voltage source, and the negative conduction line is connected with the second end of one or two converter arms to which a negative phase voltage is currently applied.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein in said positive state, the second end of each converter arm to which currently a negative voltage is supplied is disconnected at least from the positive conduction line, and wherein in said negative state, the second end of each converter arm to which currently a positive voltage is supplied is disconnected at least from the positive conduction line.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein said switching arrangement comprises three half-bridge branches, each connected between said positive and negative conduction lines and comprising a series connection of a high-side switch which is closer to said positive conduction line and a low-side switch which is closer to said negative conduction line, wherein the second end of each converter arm is connected with an intermediate point between the high-and low-side switches in a corresponding one of the half-bridge branches.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein said main energy store is a battery of an electric vehicle, and the multilevel converter serves as a charging converter for charging said battery using three-phase electric power.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the main energy store has a nominal voltage U 0 , wherein said multilevel converter comprises 1st to M-th modules, and wherein the energy storage elements of the n-th module among said modules has a nominal voltage Uo/2 n .
22. The method of claim 17 , further comprising a step of balancing the voltages of the energy storage elements, by determining a number of possible switching states of the individual modules that lead to a desired voltage between the first and second ends of a converter arm, and by selecting switching states among said possible switching states such that the voltages of the energy storage elements on average approach their nominal values.