Method and apparatus for enzymatic synthesis of polynucleotides
The invention is directed to methods and apparatus for parallel enzymatic synthesis of polynucleotides in an array of reaction chambers using a template-free polymerase that has sequence-dependent coupling efficiencies. Whenever sequences causing low efficiency coupling occur at a 3′ end of a growing chain of a polynucleotide being synthesized, one or more additional coupling cycles without de-protection steps are inserted into synthesis plans to provide additional time for completing the coupling reaction at that position of the polynucleotide.
1 . A method for synthesizing with a template-free polymerase a plurality of polynucleotides each with a predetermined sequence, wherein the template-free polymerase has reduced coupling efficiency at one or more inefficiency motifs, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a reaction chamber for each polynucleotide of the plurality of polynucleotides, each reaction chamber having disposed therein a synthesis support with initiators attached, wherein each initiator has a free 3′-hydroxyl, and wherein each reaction chamber has an inlet and an outlet and a filter that retains the synthesis support and that is operationally associated with the outlet so that reaction solutions exiting the reaction chamber pass through the filter;
(b) providing a waste manifold operationally associated with the outlets of the reaction chambers so that whenever a positive pressure differential is created between the reaction chambers and the waste manifold, reaction solutions are removed from the reaction chambers;
(c) repeating for each reaction chamber, until a polynucleotide of such reaction chamber is complete, cycles of the following reaction steps:
(i) contacting in a coupling solution the initiator or a deprotected elongated fragment with a 3′-protected nucleoside triphosphate and a template-free polymerase so that the initiator or the deprotected elongated fragment is elongated by the 3′-protected nucleoside triphosphate to form a 3′-protected elongated fragment,
(ii) deprotecting the 3′-protected elongated fragment with a deprotection solution, and
(iii) applying a pressure differential between the reaction chambers and the waste manifold to remove reaction solution(s) from the reaction chambers;
wherein the kind of 3′-protected nucleoside triphosphate contacted in step (i) in a reaction chamber is determined by the predetermined sequence of the reaction chamber, and
wherein, prior to each cycle, one or more short cycles of step (i) is carried out in a reaction chamber whenever an inefficiency motif is present at a 3′ end of the deprotected elongated fragment of such reaction chamber, wherein the inefficiency motif is CCA, CTA, GCA, GTA or CCT.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said cycles and said short cycles have the same duration.
3 . The method of claim 1 , further including a step of cleaving said polynucleotides from said synthesis supports.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said template-free polymerase is a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT).
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein said TdT is a TdT variant having an amino acid sequence at least 90 percent identical to SEQ ID NO: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30, or an amino acid sequence at least 90 percent identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 and having a Q4E/S/D/N substitution,
wherein the TdT variant (i) is capable of synthesizing a nucleic acid fragment without a template, and (ii) is capable of incorporating a 3′-O-protected-nucleotide onto a free 3′-hydroxyl of a polynucleotide.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein protease treatment is performed either in each cycle or periodically during the synthesis process.
7 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after completing the synthesis of the polynucleotides,
(i) cleaving the completed polynucleotides from the solid supports, and
(ii) purifying the completed polynucleotides.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the cleaving and the purifying are performed in the reaction chambers.
9 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the polynucleotides still attached to the solid supports are transferred to other reaction vessels for the cleaving and the purifying.