Projectile payload for training ammunition with multi-spectral output
A chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output, including daytime viewable, nighttime viewable and thermal outputs. The chemiluminescent projectile has a payload that permits the visualization of the fired projectile using a variety of detecting methods including human vision, night vision equipment/infrared devices, and thermal detecting devices during day and night conditions. The chemiluminescent projectile comprises a body having reagents that produce both chemiluminescent and exothermic reactions that generate light and heat sufficient to act as a visual and thermal marker.
1. A chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output, comprising:
an insert having a first chemiluminescent light generating component separated from a second chemiluminescent light generating component via a breakable barrier, said first chemiluminescent light generating component comprising at least one oxalate ester and at least one fluorescer, said second chemiluminescent light generating component comprising at least one peroxide and at least one catalyst, said second chemiluminescent light generating component interacting with said first chemiluminescent light generating component to generate light;
an inert ballast material surrounding said insert;
at least one inorganic salt at a concentration sufficient to produce an exothermic reaction when said first and second chemiluminescent light generating components interact, said at least one inorganic salt forming part of said first chemiluminescent light generating component, intermixed with said inert ballast material, or forming part of said first chemiluminescent light generating component and intermixed with said inert ballast material; and
a chemical dispersant visualizing agent constructed and arranged to disperse heat or chemical light reactions upon impact with a target in a vertical direction or plane, a horizontal direction or plane, or in vertical and horizontal directions or planes.
2. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said inert ballast material is made of calcium carbonate.
3. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one inorganic salt is sodium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulphate, cobalt acetate, copper acetate, lead acetate, cupric chloride, ferric chloride, calcium iodide, potassium iodide, silver nitrate, or combinations thereof.
4. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical dispersant visualizing agent is made of limestone or other form of calcium carbonate.
5. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical dispersant visualizing agent is a prilled form of limestone or other form of calcium carbonate.
6. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical dispersant visualizing agent has a porous surface.
7. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one oxalate includes bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4,5-tribromo-6-carbohexoxyphenyl)oxalate; bis(2-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(1,2-dimethyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2,5-dinitrophenyl)oxalate; bis(2-formyl-4-nitrophenyl) oxalate; bis(pentachlorophenyl) oxalate; bis(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)glyoxal; bis(2,4-dinitro-6-methylphenyl)oxalate; bis-N-phthalimidyl oxalate, bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methyl propoxy)carbonyl]phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylbutoxy)carbonyl] phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-methylbutoxy) carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylpentyloxy)carbonyl] phenyl)oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-methylpentyloxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis(3,4,6-tri chloro-2-[(4-methylpentyloxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3,3-dimethylbutoxy)carbonyl]phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-ethylbutoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(cyclopentylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-methylhexyloxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-methylhexyloxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(4-methylhexyloxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(5-methylhexyloxy) carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(cyclohexylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-phenylethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2-methylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3-methylphenyl)methoxy] carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(4-methylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)methoxy] carbonyl}phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)methoxy] carbonyl}phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[3,4-dimethylphenyl) methoxy]carbonyl}phenyl) oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3,5-dimethylphenyl)methoxy] carbonyl}phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methoxy] carbonyl}phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(2-ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(3-ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[(4-ethylphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(2-methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(3-methylphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis(3,4,6-trichloro-2-{[2-(4-methylphenyl) ethoxy] carbonyl} phenyl)oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2-phenylpropoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(3-phenylpropoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[1-naphthalenylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[2-naphthalenylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(2,2-diphenylethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(9-fluorenylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate; and bis{3,4,6-trichloro-2-[(9-anthracenylmethoxy)carbonyl] phenyl}oxalate, or mixtures thereof.
8. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one fluorescer includes 1-methoxy-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl) anthracene, perylene, rubrene, 16,17-didecycloxyviolanthrone, 2-ethyl-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 2-chloro-9,10-bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)anthracene; 2-chloro-9,10-bis(4-methoxyphenyl) anthracene; 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl) anthracene; 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 1,8-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 1,5-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 2,3-dichloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene; 5,12-bis(phenylethynyl)tetracene; 9,10-diphenylanthracene; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N′-bis(2,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,7-di-chloro-6,12-diphenoxy-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-bromophenoxy)-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N′-di-neopentyl-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-t-butylphenoxy)-N,N′-dineopentyl-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(o-chlorophenoxy)-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-chlorophenoxy)-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(o-fluorophenoxy)-N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetra(p-fluorophenoxy)-N,N′bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N′-diethyl-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 1,7-dibromo-6,12-diphenoxy-N,N′-bis(2-isopropylphenyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene dicarboximide; 16,17-dihexyloxyviolanthrone; rubrene; 1,4-dimethyl-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene, or mixtures thereof.
9. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one catalyst includes sodium salicylate; sodium-5-fluorosalicylate; sodium-5-chlorosalicylate; sodium-5-bromosalicylate; sodium trifluoroacetate; potassium salicylate; potassium pentachlorophenolate; lithium salicylate; lithium-3-chlorosalicylate; lithium-5-chlorosalicylate; lithium-3,5-dichlorosalicylate; lithium-3,5,6-trichlorosalicylate; lithium-2-chlorobenzoate; lithium-5-t-butylsalicylate; lithium trifluoroacetate; rubidium acetate; tetrabutylammonium salicylate; tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoborate; tetraethylammonium benzoate; tetrabutylammonium benzoate; tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate; tetraethylammonium perchlorate; tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; tetraoctylammonium perchlorate; tetrabutylammonium-2,3,5-trichlorobenzoate; tetramethylammonium trifluoroacetate; magnesium salicylate; magnesium-5-t-butyl-salicylate; magnesium-3-chlorosalicylate; magnesium-3,5-dichloro-salicylate; magnesium-3,5,6-trichlorosalicylate, triazoles (e.g., 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole), substituted triazoles (e.g., substituted 1,2,3-triazole and substituted 1,2,4-triazole), imidazoles, and substituted imidazoles, tribenzylamine, dibenzylethylamine, dibenzylmethylamine, or mixtures thereof.
10. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one peroxide includes hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, sodium perborate, sodium pyrophosphate peroxide, urea peroxide, histidine peroxide, t-butylhydroperoxide, sodium percarbonate; peroxybenzoic acid, or mixtures thereof.
11. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said chemical dispersant visualizing agent(s) is/are shaped objects, materials, or particles that bounce in or along said vertical direction or plane, said horizontal direction or plane, or said vertical and horizontal directions or planes.
12. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , wherein said inert ballast material is marble dust or other form of calcium carbonate.
13. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , further including a dye mixed with said inert ballast material.
14. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , further including thickening agents.
15. The chemiluminescent projectile having multi-spectral output according to claim 1 , further including high lofting fluorescent powders.